Colorant stabilizers

ABSTRACT

The present invention comprises colorant stabilizers and a colorant composition which includes a colorant and a colorant stabilizer. The colorant stabilizer imparts light-stability to the colorant so that the colorant does not fade when exposed to electromagnetic radiation such as sunlight or artificial light.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/627,693 filed on Mar. 29, 1996, now abandoned; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/589,321 filed on Jan. 22, 1996, now pending; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/563,381 filed on Nov. 28, 1995, now abandoned; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a family of colorant stabilizers. The colorant stabilizers, according to the present invention, are capable of stabilizing a colorant when it is exposed to electromagnetic radiation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A major problem with colorants is that they tend to fade when exposed to electromagnetic radiation such as sunlight or artificial light and the like. It is believed that most of the fading of colorants when exposed to light is due to photodegradation mechanisms. These degradation mechanisms include oxidation or reduction of the colorants depending upon the environmental conditions in which the colorant is placed. Fading of a colorant also depends upon the substrate upon which they reside.

Product analysis of stable photoproducts and intermediates has revealed several important modes of photodecomposition. These include electron ejection from the colorant, reaction with ground-state or excited singlet state oxygen, cleavage of the central carbon-phenyl ring bonds to form amino substituted benzophenones, such as triphenylmethane dyes, reduction to form the colorless leuco dyes and electron or hydrogen atom abstraction to form radical intermediates.

Various factors such as temperature, humidity, gaseous reactants, including O₂, O₃, SO₂, and NO₂, and water soluble, nonvolatile photodegradation products have been shown to influence fading of colorants. The factors that effect colorant fading appear to exhibit a certain amount of interdependence. It is due to this complex behavior that observations for the fading of a particular colorant on a particular substrate cannot be applied to colorants and substrates in general.

Under conditions of constant temperature it has been observed that an increase in the relative humidity of the atmosphere increases the fading of a colorant for a variety of colorant-substrate systems (e.g., McLaren, K., J. Soc. Dyers Colour, 1956, 72, 527). For example, as the relative humidity of the atmosphere increases, a fiber may swell because the moisture content of the fiber increases. This aids diffusion of gaseous reactants through the substrate structure.

The ability of a light source to cause photochemical change in a colorant is also dependent upon the spectral distribution of the light source, in particular the proportion of radiation of wavelengths most effective in causing a change in the colorant and the quantum yield of colorant degradation as a function of wavelength. On the basis of photochemical principles, it would be expected that light of higher energy (short wavelengths) would be more effective at causing fading than light of lower energy (long wavelengths). Studies have revealed that this is not always the case. Over 100 colorants of different classes were studied and found that generally the most unstable were faded more efficiently by visible light while those of higher lightfastness were degraded mainly by ultraviolet light (McLaren, K., J. Soc. Dyers Colour, 1956, 72, 86).

The influence of a substrate on colorant stability can be extremely important. Colorant fading may be retarded or promoted by some chemical group within the substrate. Such a group can be a ground-state species or an excited-state species. The porosity of the substrate is also an important factor in colorant stability. A high porosity can promote fading of a colorant by facilitating penetration of moisture and gaseous reactants into the substrate. A substrate may also act as a protective agent by screening the colorant from light of wavelengths capable of causing degradation.

The purity of the substrate is also an important consideration whenever the photochemistry of dyed technical polymers is considered. For example, technical-grade cotton, viscose rayon, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyisoprene are known to contain carbonyl group impurities. These impurities absorb light of wavelengths greater than 300 nm, which are present in sunlight, and so, excitation of these impurities may lead to reactive species capable of causing colorant fading (van Beek, H. C. A., Col. Res. Appl., 1983, 8(3), 176).

Therefore, there exists a need for methods and compositions which are capable of stabilizing a wide variety of colorants from the effects of both sunlight and artificial light.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the needs described above by providing compositions and methods for stabilizing colorants against radiation including radiation in the visible wavelength range.

The present invention also relates to colorant compositions having improved stability, wherein the colorant is associated with a colorant stabilizer. In one embodiment, the colorant stabilizer of the present invention is an aryliminealkene having the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;

R₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;

R₃ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;

R₄ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group; and

R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, polyalkene, or substituted aryl group;

wherein R₁, R₂, or R₄ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.

Desirably, the alkene group is in the trans configuration.

In another embodiment of the present invention, heavy atoms are added to conventional dyes to stabilize the dyes. These heavy atoms include Group VII ions including iodide ions. It has further been determined that the counterion is desirably a large ion with a relatively low charge density. These counterions should be sodium or larger. The counterions also include relatively large organic counterions such as tetramethylammonium.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, highly effective dye stabilizers include derivatives of phenols with the following general formula: ##STR2## wherein R₁ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;

R₂ is an iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;

R₃ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; and

R₄ is a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, polyether compound, or hydrogen, wherein the sugar includes, but is not limited to, glucose, fructose, polyether sugars, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, including but not limited to, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ cyclodextrin and sulfated β cyclodextrin and sulfated γ-cyclodextrin. In particular, the triiodophenols and trimethylphenols and the water soluble derivatives thereof are particularly effective in stabilizing a wide variety of dyes.

In yet another embodiment, the colorant stabilizer of the present invention is a reducing agent. The reducing agent includes, but is not limited to, sodium thiosulfate (Na₂ S₂ O₃), sodium sulfite (Na₂ SO₃), cysteine, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphite, and citric acid. A desired reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate. In this embodiment, the stabilizer may be admixed with the colorant, or it may be applied to a substrate to which the colorant will be applied. Although the reducing agent alone stabilizes a colorant, it is desirable that the reducing agent is combined with one or more of the above stabilizers.

In another embodiment, the colorant stabilizer of the present invention is a molecular includant having a chemical structure which defines at least one cavity. The molecular includant may be on or in a substrate to which the colorant will be applied, or it may be present in a colorant solution. The molecular includant may be, but is not limited to, clathrates, zeolites, crown ethers, calixarenes, valinomycin type natural antibiotics, various polyether compounds, nigericin type natural antibiotics, and cyclic compounds containing a plurality of pyranose rings. The cyclic compounds include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins such as α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, δ-cyclodextrin, and derivatives thereof. A desired molecular includant is cyclodextrin. A more desired molecular includant is γ-cyclodextrin. Desirably, the molecular includant is present on or in the substrate to which the colorant will be applied.

The substrates to which the colorant stabilizers are applied include, but are not limited to, paper, wood, a wood product or composite, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, textile, plastic, glass, metal, or any other substrate that would benefit from having a stabilized colorant thereon.

Although the molecular includant in or on the substrate stabilizes a colorant that is applied thereto, it is desirable that the colorant is combined with one or more of the above stabilizers. Additionally, in the embodiment where the molecular includant is present in a colorant solution, the colorant stabilizing molecules can be associated with one or more molecular includants. Additionally, the includants can have multiple colorant stabilizing molecules associated therewith. In some embodiments, the colorant is at least partially included within a cavity of the molecular includant and the colorant stabilizing molecules are associated with the molecular includant outside of the cavity. In some embodiments, the colorant stabilizing molecules are covalently coupled to the outside of the molecular includant.

Accordingly, each of these embodiments of the present invention provide stabilizing molecules that, when one or more of the stabilizing molecules are associated with a colorant, stabilizes the colorant. Therefore, the stabilizing molecules can be used as an additive to any colorant composition. For example, as certain of the stabilizing molecules are poorly soluble in water, they can be directly added to solvent or oil based (not water based) colorant compositions. Additionally, the stabilizing molecules can be added to other colorant compositions that contain additives enabling the solubilization of the stabilizing molecule therein. Further, the stabilizing molecules can be solubilized in an aqueous solution by attaching the molecule to a large water soluble molecule, such as a cyclodextrin.

The colorant stabilizers are particularly effective in ink jet inks. Use of the colorant stabilizers, as described herein, intensifies the colors and stabilizes the colors when exposed to light. Additionally, the colorant stabilizers are particularly effective in paper such as ink jet paper. Use of the colorant stabilizers in a substrate, as described herein, stabilizes a colorant to which it is applied. Also, colorant stabilizers in a substrate has been found to have the unexpected result of reducing the yellowing of the substrate itself upon exposure to light.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This application is directed to compositions and methods for stabilizing colorants against radiation including radiation in the visible wavelength range. The compositions and methods relating to stabilizing a colorant by admixing a stabilizing molecule with a colorant solution will first be addressed below. Subsequently, the compositions and methods relating to stabilizing a colorant by applying the colorant to a treated substrate containing a stabilizing molecule will be discussed.

Admixing Stabilizing Molecules Into Colorant Solutions.

The present invention relates to colorant compositions having improved stability, wherein the colorant stabilizer is associated with a colorant solution. Desirably, the colorant stabilizer is admixed with a colorant solution. The colorant stabilizer is desirably an aryliminealkene compound. Other desired colorant stabilizers are heavy atoms such as the iodide ion and phenol derivatives such as triiodophenol, trimethylphenol, and derivatives thereof. Additional colorant stabilizers include reducing agents such as sodium thiosulfate. The colorant stabilizers of the present invention are admixed with a colorant to stabilize the colorant when the admixture is exposed to electromagnetic radiation such as artificial light or sunlight.

The present invention further relates to a method of stabilizing a colorant comprising associating one or more of the colorant stabilizers with the colorant solution. Optionally, the colorant stabilizer may be associated with a molecular includant.

The present invention is particularly useful for stabilizing inks to be used in ink jet printers. Inks used in ink jet printers are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/461,365 filed n Jun. 5, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Thus, in one embodiment, the aryliminealkene stabilizing composition is shown by the following general formula: ##STR3## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;

R₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;

R₃ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;

R₄ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group; and

R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group;

wherein R₁, R₂, or R₄ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.

Desirably, the alkene group is in the trans configuration.

Desirably, the aryliminealkene stabilizing compound has the following formula. ##STR4##

Accordingly, this embodiment of the present invention provides a stabilizing molecule, the above aryliminealkene, which when associated with a colorant, stabilizes the colorant. Therefore, the above aryliminealkene can be used as an additive to any colorant composition. For example, as certain of the aryliminealkene compounds are poorly water soluble, they can be directly added to solvent or oil based (not water based) colorant compositions. Additionally, the aryliminealkene compound can be added to other colorant compositions that contain additives enabling the solubilization of the compound therein. Further, the aryliminealkene stabilizing compounds can be solubilized in an aqueous solution by associating the compound with a large water soluble molecule, such as a cyclodextrin.

The term "composition" and such variations as "colored composition" are used herein to mean a colorant and one or more colorant stabilizers of the present invention. The composition can optionally include molecular includant.

As used herein, the term "colorant" is meant to include, without limitation, any material which typically will be an organic material, such as an organic colorant or dye. The term is meant to include a single material or a mixture of two or more materials.

The term "light-stable" is used herein to mean that the colorant, when associated with one of the colorant stabilizing molecules of the present invention, is more stable to electromagnetic radiation, including, but not limited to, sunlight or artificial light, than when the colorant is not associated with such a compound.

The term "molecular includant," as used herein, is intended to mean any substance having a chemical structure which defines at least one cavity. That is, the molecular includant is a cavity-containing structure. As used herein, the term "cavity" is meant to include any opening or space of a size sufficient to accept at least a portion of the colorant.

The term "functionalized molecular includant" is used herein to mean a molecular includant to which one or more molecules of a colorant stabilizer are covalently coupled to each molecule of the molecular includant. The term "degree of substitution" is used herein to refer to the number of these molecules or leaving groups (defined below) which are covalently coupled to each molecule of the molecular includant.

The term "derivatized molecular includant" is used herein to mean a molecular includant having more than two leaving groups covalently coupled to each molecule of molecular includant. The term "leaving group" is used herein to mean any leaving group capable of participating in a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Examples of molecular includants include, but are not limited to, the cyclodextrins.

The term "artificial light" is used herein to mean light having a relatively broad bandwidth that is produced from conventional light sources, including, but not limited to, conventional incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs.

The term "thereon" is used herein to mean thereon or therein. For example, the present invention includes a substrate having a colored composition thereon. According to the definition of "thereon" the colored composition may be present on the substrate or it may be in the substrate.

In several embodiments, the colorant stabilizer may be optionally associated with a molecular includant. It is to be noted that in all the compositions that contain a molecular includant, the number of such stabilizer molecules can be between approximately 1 and approximately 21 molecules per molecular includant. Of course, in certain situations, there can be more than 21 molecules per molecular includant molecule. Desirably, there are more than three of such stabilizer molecules per molecular includant.

The degree of substitution of the functionalized molecular includant may be in a range of from 1 to approximately 21. As another example, the degree of substitution may be in a range of from 3 to about 10. As a further example, the degree of substitution may be in a range of from about 4 to about 9.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the colorant is associated with the molecular includant. The term "associated" in its broadest sense means that the colorant is at least in close proximity to the molecular includant. For example, the colorant may be maintained in close proximity to the molecular includant by hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, or the like. Alternatively, the colorant may be covalently bonded to the molecular includant, although this normally is neither desired nor necessary. As a further example, the colorant may be at least partially included within the cavity of the molecular includant.

The dye or colorant, for example, may be an organic dye. Organic dye classes include, by way of illustration only, triarylmethyl dyes, such as Malachite Green Carbinol base {4-(dimethylamino)-α- 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl!-α-phenylbenzene-methanol}, Malachite Green Carbinol hydrochloride {N-4- 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl!phenyl-methylene!-2,5-cyclohexyldien-1-ylidene!-N-methyl-methanaminium chloride or bis p-(dimethylamino)phenyl!phenylmethylium chloride}, and Malachite Green oxalate {N-4- 4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl!-phenylmethylene!-2,5-cyclohexyldien-1-ylidene!-N-methyl-methanaminium chloride or bis p-(dimethylamino)-phenyl!phenylmethylium oxalate}; monoazo dyes, such as Cyanine Black, Chrysoidine Basic Orange 2; 4-(phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride!, Victoria Pure Blue BO, Victoria Pure Blue B, basic fuschin and β-Naphthol Orange; thiazine dyes, such as Methylene Green, zinc chloride double salt 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-6-nitrophenothiazin-5-ium chloride, zinc chloride double salt!; oxazine dyes, such as Lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine); naphthalimide dyes, such as Lucifer Yellow CH {6-amino-2- (hydrazinocarbonyl)amino!-2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-benz de!isoquinoline-5,8-disulfonic acid dilithium salt}; azine dyes, such as Janus Green B {3-(diethylamino)-7- 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl!azo!-5-phenylphenazinium chloride}; cyanine dyes, such as Indocyanine Green {Cardio-Green or Fox Green; 2- 7- 1,3-dihydro-1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-2H-benz e!indol-2-ylidene!-1,3,5-heptatrienyl!-1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1H-benz e!indolium hydroxide inner salt sodium salt}; indigo dyes, such as Indigo {Indigo Blue or Vat Blue 1; 2-(1,3-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-one}; coumarin dyes, such as 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (4-methylumbelliferone); benzimidazole dyes, such as Hoechst 33258 bisbenzimide or 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,5-bi-1H-benzimidazole trihydrochloride pentahydrate!; paraquinoidal dyes, such as Hematoxylin {Natural Black 1; 7,11b-dihydrobenz b!-indeno 1,2-d!pyran-3,4,6a,9,10(6H)-pentol}; fluorescein dyes, such as Fluoresceinamine (5-aminofluorescein); diazonium salt dyes, such as Diazo Red RC (Azoic Diazo No. 10 or Fast Red RC salt; 2-methoxy-5-chlorobenzenediazonium chloride, zinc chloride double salt); azoic diazo dyes, such as Fast Blue BB salt (Azoic Diazo No. 20; 4-benzoylamino-2,5-diethoxybenzene diazonium chloride, zinc chloride double salt); phenylenediamine dyes, such as Disperse Yellow 9 N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine or Solvent Orange 53!; diazo dyes, such as Disperse Orange 13 Solvent Orange 52; 1-phenylazo-4-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)naphthalene!; anthraquinone dyes, such as Disperse Blue 3 Celliton Fast Blue FFR; 1-methylamino-4-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone!, Disperse Blue 14 Celliton Fast Blue B; 1,4-bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone!, and Alizarin Blue Black B (Mordant Black 13); trisazo dyes, such as Direct Blue 71 {Benzo Light Blue FFL or Sirius Light Blue BRR; 3- (4- (4- (6-amino-1-hydroxy-3-sulfo-2-naphthalenyl)azo!-6-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-azo!-1-naphthalenyl)azo!-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid tetrasodium salt}; xanthene dyes, such as 2,7-dichlorofluorescein; proflavine dyes, such as 3,6-diaminoacridine hemisulfate (Proflavine); sulfonaphthalein dyes, such as Cresol Red (o-cresolsulfonaphthalein); phthalocyanine dyes, such as Copper Phthalocyanine {Pigment Blue 15; (SP-4-1)- 29H, 31H-phthalocyanato(2-)-N²⁹,N³⁰,N³¹,N³² !copper}; carotenoid dyes, such as trans-β-carotene (Food Orange 5); carminic acid dyes, such as Carmine, the aluminum or calcium-aluminum lake of carminic acid (7-a-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracene-carbonylic acid); azure dyes, such as Azure A 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride or 7-(dimethyl-amino)-3-imino-3H-phenothiazine hydrochloride!; and acridine dyes, such as Acridine Orange Basic Orange 14; 3,8-bis(dimethylamino)acridine hydrochloride, zinc chloride double salt! and Acriflavine (Acriflavine neutral; 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixture with 3,6-acridinediamine).

In preparing the aryliminealkene colorant stabilizer of the present invention, one can, for example, start with a chalcone which is represented by the following formula: ##STR5##

It is to be understood that the phenyl groups on the chalcone can be substituted with a wide variety of substituents. The chalcone is then reacted with a primary amine having the following general formula:

    NH.sub.2 --R

wherein R is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group. A desirable primary amine is 2 amino benzene sulfonic acid. The reaction is carried out in a nonaqueous solvent such as absolute alcohol. The resulting compound has the following general structure: ##STR6##

Accordingly, the colorant stabilizer of the present invention is an aryliminealkene having the following general formula: ##STR7## wherein if R₁ is an aryl group, then R₂ is a hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; and if R₂ is an aryl group, then R₁ is hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group. R₃ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group. Desirably, the alkene group is in the trans configuration.

Desirably, the aryliminealkene stabilizing compound has the following formula: ##STR8##

The SO₃ H group can be in the ortho, meta or para position.

Yet another embodiment of the aryliminealkene compound is an imine adduct of basic fuschin and is shown in the following formula: ##STR9## The imine adduct of basic fuschin can be synthesized according to Example 7 below.

In the embodiment where the aryliminealkene compound is covalently attached to another molecule, whichever R₁ or R₂ that is an aryl group will have a group including, but not limited to, a carboxylic acid group, an aldehyde group, an amino group, a haloalkyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a thioalkyl group attached thereto to allow the aryliminealkene to be covalently bonded to the other molecule. Accordingly, the aryliminealkene stabilizing compound is represented by the following formula: ##STR10## wherein R is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group. Although it is preferred that the group attached to the aryl group is para to the remainder of the stabilizer molecule, the group may also be ortho or meta to the remainder of the molecule.

Accordingly, this embodiment of the present invention provides a stabilizing aryliminealkene which, when associated with a colorant, stabilizes the colorant. Therefore, the above aryliminealkenes can be used as an additive to any colorant composition. For example, if the aryliminealkene compound is not water soluble or is poorly water soluble, it can be directly added to solvent or oil colorant compositions. Additionally, the aryliminealkene compound can be added to other colorant compositions that contain additives enabling the solubilization of the compound therein.

This embodiment provides a method for stabilizing a colorant by admixing the aryliminealkene compound with the colorants in an amount effective to stabilize the colorant. The aryliminealkene desirably should be present in the colorant solution at a concentration of approximately 0.1 to 50% by weight, desirably between approximately 20% and 30% by weight. In other words, the aryliminealkene should be equivalent in concentration to the colorant or should be at a higher concentration than the colorant. If no cyclodextrin or derivatized cyclodextrin is used, the desirable range is approximately 1 part dye to approximately 20 parts aryliminealkene.

Although the aryliminealkene compound need only be associated with the colorant, in some embodiments of the present invention, the aryliminealkene compound may be covalently bonded to the colorant.

Another embodiment of the present invention is amino sulfonic acid represented by the following formula: ##STR11##

The SO₃ H group can be in the ortho, meta or para position.

Another embodiment of colorant stabilizers include derivatives of phenols with the following general formula: ##STR12## wherein R₁ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;

R₂ is an iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;

R₃ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; and

R₄ is a hydrogen, sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, polyether compound, or hydrogen, wherein the sugar includes, but is not limited to, glucose, fructose, polyether sugars, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, including but not limited to, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ cyclodextrin and sulfated β cyclodextrin and sulfated γ-cyclodexttrin.

The phenol derivatives are desirably added to the colorant solution at a concentration of between 0.5 and 10 molar equivalents to the concentration of the colorant.

A desired colorant stabilizer is triiodophenol (Aldrich). The triiodophenol has the following formula: ##STR13## The triiodophenolates are desirably added to the colorant solution at a concentration of between 0.5 and 10 equivalents to the concentration of the colorant.

A desired colorant stabilizer includes trimethylphenol and derivatives thereof. The trimethylphenols have the following formula, wherein one or more of the methyl groups may be substituted with another alkyl or alkenyl group: ##STR14## The trimethylphenols are desirably added to the colorant solution at a concentration of between 0.5 and 10 equivalents to the concentration of the colorant. Similarly, another desired colorant stabilizer is triiodophenol, which is desirably added to the colorant solution at a concentration of between 0.5 and 10 equivalents to the concentration of the colorant.

Further, the water solubility of the stabilizing compounds, including but not limited to the aryliminealkenes or triiodophenols or the trimethyphenols, can be increased by a variety of means. The desirable means of increasing the water solubility of the phenol-based stabilizing compounds is to add a water soluble moiety to the hydroxyl group on the phenol. In this embodiment, R₄ of the above phenol figure is a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, or polyether compound, wherein the sugar includes, but is not limited to, glucose, fructose, polyether sugars, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, including but not limited to, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ cyclodextrin and sulfated β cyclodextrin and sulfated γ-cyclodexttrin.

Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention the means of increasing the water solubility of the stabilizing compounds of the present invention is to react the phenol with a sugar, to produce the following representative compounds: ##STR15## wherein R is any group capable of rendering the phenol more water soluble. More particularly, the R group may be, but is not limited to a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, or polyether compound, wherein the sugar includes, but is not limited to, glucose, fructose, polyether sugars, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, including but not limited to, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ cyclodextrin and sulfated β cyclodextrin and sulfated γ-cyclodextrin. A desired R group is 1,2-o-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose. The resultant desired stabilization compound is represented by the following figures ##STR16##

Examples 21, 22 and 24 describe how to prepare the above water soluble phenols. A more desired R group is glucose, where the ketal group of the above phenol-sugar compounds has been removed as described in Examples 23 and 25 producing the stabilizing compounds shown below. ##STR17##

The colorant stabilizer compounds above in which the ketal group has been removed is a more desired stabilizer compound as it is more water soluble than if the ketal group is present.

Another desired colorant stabilizing compound is 3-(2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol, as shown below ##STR18##

Another means of increasing the water solubility of the stabilizing compounds of the present invention is to associate the compound to a large water soluble molecule, such as a cyclodextrin or desirably a derivatized cyclodextrin. Desirably, the derivatized cyclodextrin is ethylhydroxy β-cyclodextrin. An example of such a covalent association of the stabilizing compounds is the triiodophenol or the trimethylphenol covalently bound with an ethylhydroxy β-cyclodextrin as represented in the following formulas: ##STR19## wherein n=1 to 21 and CD=cyclodextrin. The aryliminealkenes can be covalently attached to the β-cyclodextrin via any suitable functional group. An example of such an association is represented in the following formula: ##STR20## wherein R is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group, n=1 to 21 and CD=β-cyclodextrin. It is to be understood that any of the aryliminealkenes can be covalently attached to the derivatized cyclodextrin through the appropriate functional groups. The water solubility of the triiodophenols or the trimethyphenols can be increased by adding a soluble compound to the molecule.

The association can be an admixture or can be a covalent attachment. Desirably, between about 1 and 12 stabilizing molecules can be attached to a cyclodextrin molecule. More desirably, between about 4 to about 9 stabilizing molecules are attached to a cyclodextrin molecule. Accordingly, the stabilizing compound attached to cyclodextrin can be added to any aqueous colorant system to stabilize the colorant therein. It is to be understood that the stabilizing aryliminealkenes do not have to be attached to the molecular includants to exhibit their stabilizing activity.

Although not wanting to be limited by the following, it is thought that the stabilizer compounds of the present invention exhibit excellent stabilizing properties as their high water solubility maintains the amount of additive present in solution over time, so that the additive continues to provide its stabilization properties to the admixture. A stabilizing additive precipitating out of a colorant composition negatively impacts the composition as less of the stabilizer remains in the solution, and therefore the colorant composition is less stabilized. Further, if the stabilizing additive is used in ink jet inks and cartridges, such precipitation can clog the ink jet printer and can other wise negatively impact the printing quality of the ink. A surprising and unexpected feature of the present invention is that the stabilizing compound is extremely water soluble, and does not precipitate out of ink solutions over time.

A third class of colorant stabilizers that are considered part of the present invention are heavy atoms such as iodide. These compounds are desirably associated with large counterions such as sodium or larger. It has been determined that smaller counterions, such as potassium, provide poor stabilization of the colorants. The desirable salt is sodium iodide. Another desirable salt is tetramethyl ammonium iodide. The preferred concentration of the heavy atoms is between approximately 0.5 to 5 mole equivalents. The iodide salt is added to the colorant before exposure to the electromagnetic radiation.

Examples 26 and 27 report the fade testing results of Hewlett Packard magenta ink admixed with various combinations of stabilizing compounds of the present invention. More particularly, 3 molar equivalents of the trimethylphenol sugar produced in Example 23, 4 molar equivalents of the triiodophenol sugar produced in Example 25, and two molar equivalents of sodium iodide were admixed with HP magenta ink having already admixed therein 2% by weight β-hydroxyethyl cyclodextrin. It is to be understood that the molar equivalents of the various stabilizing compounds can be varied. In comparison with the ink on the control sheets of paper and transparencies, the above described ink on paper and transparencies was much more stable. (See the tables in Example 26, and Example 27).

It is desirable that a colorant solution be stabilized with one or more of the following components in the following amounts: 2 to 10% wt/wt cyclodextrin or derivative thereof; 4-6% wt/wt of an aryliminealkene stabilizer of the present invention; 0.25 to 2 molar equivalents (eq) of an iodide; 2 to 7 eq of a triiodophenol sugar; 2 to 7 eq of a trialkyl phenol sugar; and 2 to 3 eq of ascorbic acid. More desirably, the colorant solution is to be stabilized with 2 to 10% wt/wt hydroxyethyl cyclodextrin; 4-6% wt/wt of an aryliminealkene stabilizer of the present invention; 0.25 to 2 molar equivalents (eq) of sodium iodide or tetramethyl amine iodide; 2 to 7 eq of a triiodophenol sugar; 2 to 7 eq of a trimethyl phenol sugar; and 2 to 3 eq of ascorbic acid. It is to be understood that units of "eq" or "molar equivalents" for stabilizing additives refers to molar equivalents of the stabilizing additives with respect to the dye. Additionally, it is to be understood that units of "wt/wt" for stabilizing additives refers to the weight of the additive with respect to the weight of the ink or colorant solution.

In another embodiment, a colorant solution is stabilized with the following: 4-10% fuschin imine adduct (Example 7); 0.25 to 2 eq of an iodide ion; and 2-10% β-cyclodextrin, desirably hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin.

Although not wanting to be limited by the following, it is theorized that the above stabilizing compounds of the present invention, either admixed with a colorant solution or on or in a substrate to which the colorant is applied, act by quenching the excited state of a dye molecule by efficiently returning it to a ground state. This reduces the likelihood of an oxidative or other chemical reaction occurring which would render the dye chromophore colorless.

The quenching process can occur by a number of processes. One such process is referred to as the heavy atom effect (internal or external) in which atoms with a high atomic number, such as iodine and xenon, can effect the excited electronic transitions of the dye molecule by allowing here to fore forbidden electronic transitions to occur and by decreasing the excited state lifetimes. This effect permits the rapid return of the dye to its ground state.

Another quenching process involves back electron transfer. in this case, quenching of the excited dye molecule occurs through sequential electron transfer. The additive or quencher, and dye form an ion pair through electron donation within which back electron transfer leads to an overall deactivation of the excited energy donor, i.e., the dye.

Another quenching process involves a condition in which the quencher (additive) molecule has an excited energy state lower than the excited dye. In this case, it may be possible to transfer the excited energy to the quencher thereby allowing the dye molecule to return to its ground state. These mechanisms are more fully discussed in Chemistry and Light, Suppan, P., Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994, pgs 65-69 which is incorporated herein by reference.

In all cases, it is optionally desirable to add a molecular includant to the colorant solution. The molecular includant can be inorganic or organic in nature. In certain embodiments, the chemical structure of the molecular includant is adapted to form a molecular inclusion complex. Examples of molecular includants are, by way of illustration only, clathrates or intercalates, zeolites, and cyclodextrins. Examples of cyclodextrins include, but are not limited to, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodexttrin, δ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ cyclodextrin and sulfated β cyclodextrin and sulfated γ-cyclodexttrin (American Maize-Products Company, Hammond, Ind.).

The term "derivatized cyclodextrin" as used herein means a cyclodextrin having more than two leaving groups covalently coupled to each molecule of cyclodextrin. The term "leaving group" is used herein to mean any leaving group capable of participating in a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Examples of derivatized cyclodextrin includes, but is not limited to, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ cyclodextrin and sulfated β and γ-cyclodexttrin. A desired derivatized cyclodextrin is ethylhydroxy β-cyclodextrin.

A desired molecular includant is γ-cyclodexttrin. Another desirable molecular includant is β-cyclodextrin. In other embodiments, the molecular includant is an ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin. Although not wanting to be bound by the following theory, it is believed that the molecular includant inhibits the aggregation of the colorant molecule in solution. Other aggregation inhibitors that can be used in practicing the present invention are starches, pectins, amyloses, clathrates and the crown ethers. It is to be understood that the addition of derivatized cyclodextrins to an ink formulation for the purpose of inhibiting aggregation and/or stabilizing the dyes in the inks is considered one aspect of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the colorant and the colorant stabilizers are associated with the molecular includant. The term "associated", in its broadest sense, means that the colorant and/or the colorant stabilizers are at least in close proximity to the molecular includant. For example, the colorant and/or the colorant stabilizers can be maintained in close proximity to the molecular includant by hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, dipole--dipole interactions or the like.

Alternatively, either or both of the colorant and the colorant stabilizers can be covalently bonded to the molecular includant. In certain embodiments, the colorant will be associated with the molecular includant by means of hydrogen bonding and/or van der Waals forces or the like, while the stabilizing molecule is covalently bonded to the molecular includant. In other embodiments, the colorant is at least partially included within the cavity of the molecular includant, and the colorant stabilizer is located outside of the cavity of the molecular includant.

As a practical matter, the colorant, the colorant stabilizer and molecular includant are likely to be solids depending upon the constituents used to prepare the molecules. However, any or all of such materials can be a liquid. The colored composition can be a liquid either because one or more of its components is a liquid, or, when the molecular includant is organic in nature, a solvent is employed. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide; sulfoxides, such as dimethylsulfoxide; ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl butyl ketone; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane, octane, benzene, toluene, and the xylenes; esters, such as ethyl acetate; water; and the like. When the molecular includant is a cyclodextrin, particularly suitable solvents are the amides and sulfoxides.

In an embodiment where the composition of the present invention is a solid, the effectiveness of the above compounds on the colorant is improved when the colorant and the selected compounds are in intimate contact or in an association that approaches van der Waals radii. To this end, the thorough blending of the components, along with other components which may be present, is desirable. Such blending generally is accomplished by any of the means known to those having ordinary skill in the art. When the colored composition includes a polymer, blending is facilitated if the colorant and the colorant stabilizer are at least partly soluble in softened or molten polymer. In such case, the composition is readily prepared in, for example, a two-roll mill. Alternatively, the composition of the present invention can be a liquid because one or more of its components is a liquid.

For some applications, the composition of the present invention typically will be utilized in particulate form. In other applications, the particles of the composition should be very small. Methods of forming such particles are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.

The colored composition optionally may also contain a carrier, the nature of which is well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. For many applications, the carrier will be a polymer, typically a thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer, with the latter being the more common.

Examples of thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to: end-capped polyacetals, such as poly(oxymethylene) or polyformaldehyde, poly(trichloroacetaldehyde), poly(n-valeraldehyde), poly(acetaldehyde), poly(propionaldehyde), and the like; acrylic polymers, such as polyacrylamide, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), and the like; fluorocarbon polymers, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), perfluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymers, ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymers, poly-(chlorotrifluoroethylene), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl fluoride), and the like; epoxy resins, such as the condensation products of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A; polyamides, such as poly(6-aminocaproic acid) or poly(ε-caprolactam), poly(hexamethylene adipamide), poly(hexamethylene sebacamide), poly(11-aminoundecanoic acid), and the like; polyaramides, such as poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) or poly(m- phenylene isophthalamide), and the like; parylenes, such as poly-p-xylylene, poly(chloro-p-xylene), and the like; polyaryl ethers, such as poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) or poly(p-phenylene oxide), and the like; polyaryl sulfones, such as poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylidene-1,4-phenylene), poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-4,4-biphenylene), and the like; polycarbonates, such as poly(bisphenol A) or poly(carbonyldioxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene), and the like; polyesters, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), poly(cyclohexylene-1,4-dimethylene terephthalate) or poly(oxymethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethyleneoxyterephthaloyl), and the like; polyaryl sulfides, such as poly(p-phenylene sulfide) or poly(thio-1,4-phenylene), and the like; polyimides, such as poly(pyromellitimido-1,4-phenylene), and the like; polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), poly(2-butene), poly(1-pentene), poly(2-pentene), poly(3-methyl-1-pentene), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), 1,2-poly-1,3-butadiene, 1,4-poly-1,3-butadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polystyrene, and the like; and copolymers of the foregoing, such as acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) copolymers, styrene-n-butylmethacrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, and the like.

Some of the more commonly used thermoplastic polymers include styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymers, polystyrene, styrene-n-butyl acrylate copolymers, styrenebutadiene copolymers, polycarbonates, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyamides (nylon-12), polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, and epoxy resins.

Examples of thermosetting polymers include, but are not limited to, alkyd resins, such as phthalic anhydrideglycerol resins, maleic acid-glycerol resins, adipic acidglycerol resins, and phthalic anhydride-pentaerythritol resins; allylic resins, in which such monomers as diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate diallyl maleate, and diallyl chlorendate serve as nonvolatile cross-linking agents in polyester compounds; amino resins, such as aniline-formaldehyde resins, ethylene urea-formaldehyde resins, dicyandiamide-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, sulfonamide-formaldehyde resins, and urea-formaldehyde resins; epoxy resins, such as cross-linked epichlorohydrinbisphenol A resins; phenolic resins, such as phenolformaldehyde resins, including Novolacs and resols; and thermosetting polyesters, silicones, and urethanes.

In addition to the colorant, colorant stabilizer, and optional molecular includant, the colored composition of the present invention also can contain additional components, depending upon the application for which it is intended. Examples of such additional components include, but are not limited to, charge carriers, stabilizers against thermal oxidation, viscoelastic properties modifiers, cross-linking agents, plasticizers, charge control additives such as a quaternary ammonium salt; flow control additives such as hydrophobic silica, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, lithium stearate, polyvinylstearate, and polyethylene powders; and fillers such as calcium carbonate, clay and talc, among other additives used by those having ordinary skill in the art. Charge carriers are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art and typically are polymer-coated metal particles. The identities and amounts of such additional components in the colored composition are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

When the colorant stabilizers of the present invention are used to stabilize the dyes in ink jet inks, it is desirable to filter the compositions through a small pore filter (0.45μ) such as a Millipore® filter before the ink formulation is placed in an ink jet cartridge. This will reduce or eliminate clogging of the cartridge ink nozzles due to particulate matter.

Treated Substrates

As stated above, colorant stabilizers may be present in a colorant solution, or present on or in a substrate to which the colorant is to be applied. When a colorant stabilizer is present in or on a substrate, the substrate is referred to as a "treated substrate". In one embodiment of the present invention, a treated substrate contains a reducing agent thereon or therein. In another embodiment, a treated substrate contains a molecular includant thereon or therein. In yet another embodiment, a treated substrate contains a molecular includant and a reducing agent thereon or therein. The term "stabilizing agent" is used to denote the colorant stabilizer in or on a substrate.

The substrate may be, but is not limited to, paper, wood, a wood product or composite, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, textile, plastic, glass, or any other substrate that would benefit from having a stabilized colorant thereon. A plastic substrate includes, but is not limited to, a plastic film, a plastic nonwoven web, or a plastic woven web. A preferred substrate is paper. Any existing or future type of paper or paper products may be used in the present invention.

Examples of paper or paper products include, but not limited to, printing and writing papers, packaging and industrial papers, paperboard, and tissue papers. Examples of printing and writing papers include, but are not limited to the following: wood-free coated papers; wood-containing coated papers; wood-free uncoated papers such as bond and writing paper, envelopes, offset and opaque circular, carbonless, tablet, forms bond, ledger, mimeograph, and manifold, duplication, fax base, thermal base, technical papers, supercalandered, and specialty papers; uncoated wood-containing papers such as supercalandered, directory, specialty converting and publishing; bristols such as coated bristols, uncoated bleached bristols, tag, coated tag papers, file folders, and tabulating; and thin papers such as cigarette paper, bible paper, lightweight paper, lightweight specialty, manifold, cotton fiber papers, and specialty thin papers.

Examples of Packaging and industrial papers include, but are not limited to the following: breached Kraft paper such as grocers bags, shipping sacks, wrapping paper, and converting paper; unbleached Kraft paper such as grocers bags, shipping sacks converting paper, wrapping paper, and envelopes. Examples of paperboard include, but are not limited to the following: containerboard such as unbleached linerboard, bleached linerboard, corrugated medium, and chip and filler board; folding boxboard/folding cartonboard such as solid bleached sulfite, bleached and unbleached bristols, coated recycled board, coated unbleached Kraft, milk, cup, plate and foodservice stock (coated or uncoated), and folding board; gypsum wallboard; and tube/can and drum paperboard. Examples of tissue papers include, but are not limited to, sanitary tissues such as bathroom tissue, facial tissue, napkins, toweling, wiper stock, and other sanitary tissue papers.

Molecular Includant

As stated above, a molecular includant is defined as any substance having a chemical structure which defines at least one cavity, wherein a cavity includes any opening or space of a size sufficient to accept at least a portion of a compound, such as, but not limited to, a colorant. The molecular includant can be inorganic or organic in nature. In certain embodiments, the chemical structure of the molecular includant is adapted to form a molecular inclusion complex. Molecular includants include, but are not limited to, clathrates or intercalates, zeolites, crown ethers, calixarenes, valinomycin type natural antibiotics, various polyether compounds, nigericin type natural antibiotics, or cyclic compounds containing a plurality of pyranose rings, for example, those having formed cyclic compounds through 1,4 and 1,6 bonding of monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, etc., and disaccharides such as saccharose, maltose, lactose etc.

The cyclic compounds also include cyclodextrins such as alpha-cyclodextrin (or α-cyclodextrin), beta-cyclodextrin (or β-cyclodextrin), gamma-cyclodextrin (or γ-cyclodexttrin), delta-cyclodextrin (or δ-cyclodextrin), and derivatives thereof such as hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ-cyclodextrin, octyl succinated α cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β-cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ-cyclodexttrin, sulfated β-cyclodextrin and sulfated γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxyethyl γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxyisopropyl γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxypropyl γ-cyclodexttrin, octyl succinate γ-cyclodexttrin, and carboxymethyl γ-cyclodexttrin.

The α-cyclodextrins contain 6 glucopyranose rings, the β-cyclodextrins contain 7 glucopyranose rings, the γ-cyclodextrins contain 8 glucopyranose rings, and the δ-cyclodextrins contain 9 glucopyranose rings. Cyclodextrins with 10, 11, or 12 glucopyranose rings may also be used in the present invention. A desirable cyclodextrin is any γ-cyclodextrin that is water soluble. In particular, hydroxyethyl γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxyisopropyl γ-cyclodexttrin, and hydroxypropyl γ-cyclodexttrin are desirable molecular includants for the present invention. Another desirable cyclodextrin is any β-cyclodextrin that is water soluble. In particular, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin is a preferred cyclodextrin.

The cyclodextrins suitable for the inks of the present invention can also, if desired, be modified by the addition of substituents. Substituents generally replace either the entire hydroxyl group or the hydrogen atom on one or more of the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin ring. Examples of substituents include acyl groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with groups such as --OAc, --OC(O)CH₂ CH₃, --OC(O)(CH₂)₂ CH₃, --OC(O)(CH₂)₃ CH₃, --OC(O)CF₃, --OC(O)Ph, or the like; alkyl and aryl groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with groups such as --OCH₃, --OCH₂ CH₃, --O(CH₂)₂ CH₃, --OC(CH₃)₃,--OPh, or the like; tosyl (4-methylbenzenesulfonyl, or Ts) or related groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with --OTs or the like; mesyl (methanesulfonyl, or Ms) or related groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with --OMs or the like; amino groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with groups such as a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group, including cyclic amines and aromatic amines or the like; azido groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with --N₃ or the like; halo substituents, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with a halogen atom, such as --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; nitro groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with --ONO₂ ; phosphorus-containing groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with groups such as --OPO₃ H₂, --OPO₃ R₂ (wherein R is alkyl or aryl), --OPO₃ HR, or wherein two adjacent hydroxyl groups are replaced with groups such as --OP(O)(CH₃)O--, or the like; imidazole groups and their derivatives; pyridine groups and their derivatives; sulfur-containing functional groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with groups such as --SCH₃, --SCH₂ CH₃, --S(CH₂)₂ CH₃, --SC(CH₃)₃, --OSO₃ -Na+, --OCH₂ SO₃ -Na+, --OCH₂ CH₂ SO₃ -Na+, --O(CH₂)₃ SO₃ -Na+, or the like; alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, or oxime groups; carboxylic acid groups and their derivatives; carbonate and carbamate groups; silicon, boron, or tin containing groups, wherein one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with groups such as --OSi(CH₃)₃, --OSi(CH₃)₂ H, --CH₂ OSi(CH₃)₃, --CH₂ OSi(CH₃)₂ H, --OB(CH₂ CH₂)₂, --CH₂ OB(CH₂ CH₂)₂, --CH₂ OSn((CH₂)₃ CH₃)₃, or the like; hydroxyalkyl groups, such as hydroxy ethyl groups, hydroxypropyl groups, or the like; or any other suitable substituent.

In another embodiment, substituent or substituents in the cyclodextrin molecules are bonded to an oxygen atom in a ring glucose unit. For example, the substituent can be an alkyl radical, desirably having up to about six carbon atoms. Another example of such a substituent has the formula --(CH--CHR¹ --O--)_(n) --H wherein R¹ is selected from the class consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having up to about six carbon atoms. In the above formula, n is a small whole number having a value up to about six; desirably, n is equal to 1. Preferred substituents of this type are hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl.

Yet another type of substituent on the cyclodextrin is a bridging group that links two cyclodextrin moieties. The bridging groups have the formula --CHR₁ --CHOH--CHR¹ -- wherein R¹ has the same significance as above. In these polymeric cyclodextrins, the number of cyclodextrin rings so bridged is from two to about six. In other words, there can be two cyclodextrin rings linked by the bridging group, or there can be three of the rings linked by two bridging groups, and so on, such that there can be six rings linked by five bridging groups. It is to be understood that higher polymers can be used in the invention if they have properties analogous to the polymers within the range given above, and the increased size or molecular weight does not confer an undesirable property to the extent that it makes the material unsuitable for use in the invention. The polymeric cyclodextrins may have substituents in addition to the group that links or bridges two cyclodextrin moieties. For example, the cyclodextrin moieties may have one or more carboxyalkyl (--R--COOH) substituents, wherein R is a lower alkylene radical having up to about 4 carbon atoms.

Cyclodextrin rings can also be bound together to form polymers by processes such as linking the cyclodextrin rings together with suitable multifunctional agents. For example, a poly-β-cyclodextrin can be formed that is crosslinked with epichlorohydrin; this material is commercially available from American Tokyo Kasei, Inc., 9211 N. Harborgate St., Portland, Oreg. 97203. It is to be understood that any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used to covalently bind two or more molecular includants together. A desired embodiment is to have crosslinked γ-cyclodexttrins in or on a substrate.

Cyclodextrins are commercially available from, for example, American Maize-Products Company, of Hammond, Ind. Additional information regarding cyclodextrins and modified cyclodextrins is widely available in the chemical literature, and is summarized in, for example, "Synthesis of Chemically Modified Cyclodextrins," A. P. Croft and R. A. Bartsch, Tetrahedron, Vol. 39, No. 9, pages 1417 to 1474 (1983), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Substituted cyclodextrins are also shown in the publication "Molecusol™: Your Research Solution," Pharmetec, Inc. (1988), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. The hydroxypropyl substituted cyclodextrin is also suitable for the prevent invention.

Additionally, it is to be understood that the molecular includants of the present invention may have one or more of the stabilizer molecules discussed above, which may be admixed into a colorant solution, associated therewith. The term "associated", in its broadest sense, means that the stabilizer molecule is at least in close proximity to the molecular includant. For example, the stabilizer molecule can be maintained in close proximity to the molecular includant by hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, dipole--dipole interactions or the like.

The molecular includant in association with a colorant stabilizes the colorant. More particularly, the molecular includant stabilizes a colorant when it is present on or in the substrate upon which the colorant is applied.

In the embodiment where the molecular includant is present on or in the substrate, the molecular includant may be introduced onto or into the substrate by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art, wherein the method does not destroy the molecular includant's ability to stabilize a colorant. In one embodiment, a treated substrate is one wherein the molecular includant is applied to the substrate in solution form and the substrate is subsequently dried to produce the substrate in the form it is to be utilized. Any substrate may be used, wherein the substrate does not destroy the molecular includant's ability to stabilize a colorant. A preferred substrate is paper. Any existing or future type of paper or paper products may be used in the present invention.

The molecular includant may be applied while the substrate is being manufactured, or it may be applied after the substrate has been manufactured. Where the substrate is paper, the molecular includant may be admixed into the pulp during the process of manufacturing the paper. An amount of molecular includant is admixed with the pulp so that the paper produced contains an amount of molecular includant effective to stabilize a colorant thereon. Desirably, between approximately 30 to 80% molecular includant by weight is admixed with the pulp. More desirably, between 50 to 65% molecular includant by weight is admixed with the pulp. A desirable amount of molecular includant in the final paper product is between 3% and 50% wt/wt. A more desired amount of molecular includant in the paper product is between 5 and 20%. Even more desired is between 7 and 10% of molecular includant in the paper product. Any method known in the art may be used to admix the molecular includant with the pulp, and produce the final paper product, wherein the molecular includant maintains its ability to stabilize a colorant. The above also applies to the manufacturing of wood pulp or composite substrates.

Alternatively, the molecular includant may be applied to a substrate after it has been manufactured, by dipping the substrate in a solution of the molecular includant, spraying the substrate, coating the substrate, or soaking the substrate with a solution of the molecular includant. Any method known in the art to apply a solution to a substrate and to dry the substrate may be used in the present invention so long as the molecular includant maintains its ability to stabilize a colorant. An amount of molecular includant solution is applied to the substrate so that after drying, the substrate contains an amount of molecular includant effective to stabilize a colorant thereon or therein.

Desirably, the concentration of the molecular includant solution is between 3% and 80% wt/wt. A more desired concentration is between 5 and 65%. An even more desired concentration is between 10 and 50%. A desirable amount of molecular includant in or on the treated substrate is between 1% and 50% wt/wt. A more desired amount of molecular includant in or on the treated substrate is between 3 and 25%. Even more desired is between 5 and 20% of molecular includant in or on the treated substrate. One embodiment of coating a molecular includant onto paper is fully described in Example 34.

In another embodiment, both the molecular includant and the colorant may be present within the substrate. The molecular includant and the colorant may be admixed with paper pulp, wood pulp, or monomers or oligomers, during the process of manufacturing paper, wood products, or plastics respectively. Alternatively, one of the above components can be introduced during the manufacturing process and the second component can be applied after the manufacturing process.

Examples 35 and 36 report the fade testing results of various magenta inks on treated and untreated paper. The magenta inks were studied as they tend to be the least stable of the widely used inks. More particularly, Hewlett-Packard (HP), American Ink Jet (AIJ), and Canon magenta ink jet inks, either with or without the stabilizing additives of the present invention, were printed on treated and untreated Hewlett-Packard premium paper and then exposed to an Atlas Weatherometer for a total of 77 hours. The inks containing the additives of the present invention contained 5% wt/wt of the basic fuschin imine adduct prepared in Example 7, 0.25 eq of tetramethylammonium iodide, and 2% wt/wt of hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin. It is to be understood that the molar equivalents of the various stabilizing compounds can be varied.

In Example 35, the treated paper was coated with γ-cyclodextrin as described in Example 34, such that the treated paper contained 7% wt/wt of the γ-cyclodexttrin. After 77 total hours of exposure the change of color is measured and the ΔE* values compared. The ΔE* values reported in Example 35 for the HP and AIJ inks show that the molecular includant is an effective colorant stabilizer without the presence of additional stabilizing additives. More particularly, the ΔE* value for HP ink with no additives on untreated paper is 64, whereas the value for HP ink with no additives on cyclodextrin coated paper is 31.5. The ΔE* value for AIJ with no additives on untreated paper is 37, whereas the value for AIJ with no additives on cyclodextrin treated paper is 13.7.

Additionally, the ΔE* values reported in Example 35 for the HP inks shows that the additives are an effective colorant stabilizer without the presence of the molecular includant in the paper. More particularly, the ΔE* value for HP ink with additives on untreated paper is 25.0, whereas the ΔE* value for HP ink with no additives on untreated paper is 64.0.

The ΔE* values reported in Example 35 also show that the molecular includant treated paper with the additive-containing ink yields unexpectedly superior colorant stabilization results. More particularly, the ΔE* value for HP ink with no additives on untreated paper is 64, with no additives on treated paper is 31.5, with additives on untreated paper is 25.0, and with additives on treated paper is 14.7. Accordingly, the ΔE* values show that although the additives alone stabilize the HP and AIJs, and treated paper alone stabilizes the HP and AIJ inks, the most lightfast colorant is stabilized by being associated with the additives in the solution and being printed on the treated paper.

In Example 36, three types of treated paper were studied along side of an uncoated paper. More particularly, HP Premium Ink Jet paper was treated with a 50% γ-cyclodextrin solution, a 20% sodium thiosulfate solution, or a 20% γ-cyclodexttrin/10% sodium thiosulfate solution. The uncoated paper that was also studied is Kimberly-Clark Bright White paper. After printing, and exposure in the Atlas Weatherometer for 77 hours, the ΔE* values were measured.

The ΔE* values reported in Example 36 also show that although the additives alone stabilize the HP and AIJ inks, and treated paper alone stabilizes the HP and AIJs, the most lightfast colorant is stabilized by being associated with the additives in the solution and being printed on the treated paper.

Although not wanting to be bound by the following, it is theorized that molecular includants present on or in paper results in substantially improved light fastness of colorants applied thereon as the colorant within or at least partially within the cavity of the molecular includant is stabilized by the molecular includant against the degradative effects of oxidation, visible or ultraviolet light, and heat. In particular, it is theorized that the colorant is protected against singlet oxygen by the barrier effect of the molecular includant.

Further, although not wanting to be bound by the following, it is theorized that the presence of cyclodextrin in the substrate provides substantially more stabilizing capability over the same cyclodextrin in a colorant solution due to the difference in the equilibrium of the water soluble colorant as a guest of the cyclodextrin. More particularly, the in-out equilibrium of a water soluble colorant in the cavity of cyclodextrin in solution favors the colorant remaining in the cyclodextrin due to the hydrophobic nature of the cavity within the cyclodextrin. In contrast, it is theorized that when the cyclodextrin is in the substrate, and therefore not in solution, the equilibrium shifts towards favoring the colorant within the cavity of the cyclodextrin when an ink solution containing a colorant on the substrate rapidly dries.

With respect to the Bright White paper stabilization results reported in Example 36, these results are not readily comparable to the stabilization results obtained regarding the HP Premium paper. More particularly, most ink jet papers are coated so that the ink is not absorbed into the fibers of the paper and instead remains on the surface of the paper. The coated paper thereby produces a superior ink jet printing quality. The HP Premium paper is an example of such a coated paper.

In contrast, the Kimberly-Clark Bright White paper is not a coated paper. Accordingly, when an ink is printed thereon, the ink is wicked or absorbed into the bulk of the fibers of the paper, and does not remain on the surface of the paper, thereby yielding a different quality of printing. Although not wanting to be bound by the following, it is theorized that the ink that is absorbed into the uncoated paper is protected from degradation from light by the fibers of the paper. In contrast, inks that are printed on coated paper remain on the surface of the paper and receive no protection from the fibers of the paper. Accordingly, the stability and quality of printing of inks that are printed on an uncoated paper cannot be compared directly to inks that are printed on coated paper.

Reducing Agent

In the embodiment where the treated substrate contains a reducing agent, the reducing agent may be, but is not limited to, sodium thiosulfate (Na₂ S₂ O₃), sodium sulfite (Na₂ SO₃), cysteine, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphite, sodium citrate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, boron hydride, dithionite, hydrazine, thiourea-dioxide, hydrogen sulphite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, ammonium hydrogen sulfite, sodium trithionite, and polyhydric phenols. A desired reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate.

The reducing agent in association with a colorant stabilizes the colorant. The reducing agent stabilizes a colorant when it is present on or in the substrate upon which the colorant is applied, or when it is admixed with the colorant prior to its application to the substrate. Also, the reducing agent may be present both on or in the substrate upon which the colorant is applied and admixed with the colorant prior to its application. Additionally, the reducing agent may be applied to the colorant after the colorant has been applied to a substrate.

In the embodiment where the reducing agent is present on or in the substrate, the reducing agent may be introduced onto or into the substrate by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art, wherein the method does not destroy the reducing agent's ability to stabilize a colorant. The reducing agent may be applied while the substrate is being manufactured, or it may be applied after the substrate has been manufactured. It is to be understood that when a reducing agent is present on or in a substrate in the form it is to be utilized, the substrate is referred to as a "treated substrate". In one embodiment, a treated substrate is one wherein the reducing agent was applied to the substrate in solution form and the substrate has been subsequently dried to produce the substrate in the form it is to be utilized.

Any substrate may be used, wherein the substrate does not destroy the reducing agent's ability to stabilize a colorant. As stated above, the substrate may be, but is not limited to, paper, wood, a wood product or composite, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, textile, plastic, glass, or any other substrate that would benefit from having a stabilized colorant thereon. A preferred substrate is paper. Any existing or future type of paper may be used in the present invention, including, but not limited to, newsprint, coated wood containing paper, super calendared paper, fine paper, paperboard, and ink jet paper.

Where the substrate is paper, the reducing agent may be admixed into the pulp during the process of manufacturing the paper. An amount of reducing agent is admixed with the pulp so that the paper produced contains an amount of reducing agent effective to stabilize a colorant thereon. Desirably, between approximately 2 to 50% reducing agent by weight is admixed with the pulp. More desirably, between 3 to 30% reducing agent by weight is admixed with the pulp. A desirable amount of reducing agent in the final paper product is between 1% and 50% wt/wt. A more desired amount of reducing agent in the paper product is between 2 and 20%. Even more desired is between 3 and 10% of reducing agent in the paper product. Any method known in the art may be used to admix the reducing agent with the pulp, and produce the final paper product, wherein the reducing agent maintains its ability to stabilize a colorant. The above also applies to the manufacturing of wood pulp or composite substrates.

Alternatively, the reducing agent may be applied to a substrate after it has been manufactured, or in its final form, by dipping the substrate in a solution of the reducing agent, spraying the substrate, coating the substrate, or soaking the substrate with a solution of the reducing agent. Any method known in the art to apply a solution to a substrate and to dry the substrate may be used in the present invention so long as the reducing agent maintains its ability to stabilize a colorant. An amount of reducing agent solution is applied to the substrate so that after drying, the substrate contains an amount of reducing agent effective to stabilize a colorant thereon or therein.

Desirably, the concentration of the reducing agent solution is between 1% and 50% wt/wt. A more desired concentration is between 3 and 40%. An even more desired concentration is between 5 and 20%. A desirable amount of reducing agent in or on the treated substrate is between 1% and 50% wt/wt. A more desired amount of reducing agent in or on the treated substrate is between 2 and 20%. Even more desired is between 3 and 10% of reducing agent in or on the treated substrate. One method of coating a substrate with a reducing agent is fully described in Example 34.

In another embodiment, both the reducing agent and the colorant may be present within the substrate. The reducing agent and the colorant may be admixed with paper pulp, wood pulp, or monomers or oligomers, during the process of manufacturing paper, wood products, or plastics respectively. Alternatively, one of the above components can be introduced during the manufacturing process and the second component can be applied after the manufacturing process.

In yet another embodiment, the colorant and reducing agent are admixed in one solution and applied to a substrate simultaneously. For example, a colorant and an amount of reducing agent effective to stabilize the colorant can be in an ink jet ink cartridge in an ink jet printer. It is to be understood that any commercially available ink can be admixed with a reducing agent to stabilize the colorant therein. Desirably, the concentration of the reducing agent in ink is between 1 and 50% by weight. A more desired concentration is between 3 and 40%. An even more desired concentration is between 5 and 20%.

Examples 30 and 31 report the fade testing results of Hewlett Packard yellow ink printed on sodium thiosulfate treated paper and untreated paper. More particularly, yellow Hewlett Packard ink was printed on untreated paper and paper that had been dipped in a 10% wt/wt aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and then dried. The papers were then exposed to an Atlas Weatherometer for a total of 51 hours. Visual and color measurements (ΔE*) show that the treated paper reduces the fade of the yellow ink. In particular, the ΔE* values after 24 hours were 28.33 for the untreated paper, and 2.29 for the treated paper. The ΔE* values after 51 hours were 54.96 for the untreated paper, and 12.08 for the treated paper. Accordingly, the ΔE* values indicate little or no color change of the yellow ink on the treated paper over 51 the hours of exposure. These ΔE* values therefore show that the reducing agent is an effective colorant stabilizer.

Although the reducing agent alone stabilizes a colorant, it is also desirable that the reducing agent be utilized with one or more of the above stabilizers. Example 29 reports the fade testing results of Hewlett Packard magenta ink admixed with various combinations of stabilizing compounds of the present invention printed on treated and untreated paper. More particularly, three molar equivalents of the triiodophenol sugar produced in Example 25, four molar equivalents of the trimethylphenol sugar produced in Example 23, and two molar equivalents of sodium iodide were admixed with HP magenta ink having already admixed therein 5% by weight β-hydroxyethyl cyclodextrin. This admixture is the additive-containing ink. It is to be understood that the molar equivalents of the various stabilizing compounds can be varied.

The magenta additive-containing ink or the commercially available magenta Hewlett Packard ink (control) was printed on untreated paper and paper that had been dipped in a 10% wt/wt aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and then dried (the treated paper). The papers were then exposed to an Atlas Weatherometer for a total of 15 hours. Visual and color measurements (ΔE*) show that the control ink on untreated paper faded the most, the additive-containing ink on untreated paper faded less, and the additive-containing ink on treated paper barely faded at all, and faded the least. In particular, the ΔE* values are as follows: 34.24 for control ink on untreated paper; 20.53 for additive-containing ink on untreated paper; and 11.09 for additive-containing ink on treated paper. Accordingly, the ΔE* values show that although the additives alone stabilize the magenta colorant, the reducing agent in the paper further stabilizes the colorant in the presence of these additives.

Additionally, the substrate itself may be treated with one or more of the above reducing agents, one or more of the above molecular includants, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the substrate is treated with both a reducing agent and a molecular includant. Desirably, the reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate and the molecular includant is γ-cyclodextrin.

It is most desirable to treat a substrate with a reducing agent when the ink to be printed thereon is relatively pure. Although not wanting to be limited by the following, it is theorized that if ink containing a relatively substantial amount of impurities is printed on reducing agent-treated paper, the reducing agent will react with the impurities thereby decreasing its color stabilizing properties.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that the presence of a reducing agent in paper decreases the amount of yellowing that occurs on the paper upon exposure to the radiation. Example 28 reports the testing of treated and untreated paper for reduction of yellowing. More particularly, sheets of paper were dipped in the following: (1) a sodium iodide and sodium thiosulfate solution; (2) a sodium iodide solution; or (3) a sodium thiosulfate solution, and then dried. The above sheets and control sheets (which untreated) were placed into an Atlas Weatherometer overnight. The results are as follows: the sheets treated with solution (1) turned yellow; the sheets treated with solution (2) turned dark yellow; the sheets treated with solution (3) did not change, and remained white; and the control sheets turned a very pale yellow.

Example 28 illustrates that one of the colorant stabilizers of the present invention, namely, sodium iodide, increases the yellowing of paper. In contrast, the presence of the reducing agent, sodium thiosulfate, inhibits the yellowing of paper. Further, the presence of the reducing agent decreases the amount of yellowing resulting from the sodium iodide.

The present invention is further described by the examples which follow. Such examples, however, are not to be construed as limiting in any way either the spirit or scope of the present invention. In the examples, all parts are parts by weight unless stated otherwise.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of the Imine Adduct

To a 500 ml round bottomed flask is added 10.0 g chalcone (Aldrich), 8.3 g 2-amino benzene sulfonic acid (Aldrich), 200 ml of absolute ethanol, and 3 drops of dimethylamino ethanol (Aldrich). The reaction mixture is refluxed for one hour after which the solvent is removed to yield a pale yellow crystalline solid. The yield is 16.5 grams (95%). The reaction is represented as follows: ##STR21##

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Triiodophenolate Sodium Salt

To 25 g of triiodophenol (Aldrich) in a 250 ml round bottomed flask is added 100 ml diethyl ether. 52.5 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide (Fisher) is then added and the solution is stirred for 1 hour. The mixture is then rotoevaporated under reduced pressure to yield an off-brown solid which is used without further purification.

EXAMPLE 3 Effect of Triiodophenolate Sodium Salt and Triiodophenol on Degradation of Magenta Dye

1.5 equivalents to dye of triiodophenolate sodium salt from Example 2 or 1.5 equivalents of triiodophenol is added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The sample is then exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp (Fusion UV Curing Systems Corp., Rockville, Md., Model F300+D-bulb) having a water cooled Pyrex filter. All absorbency measurements in these Examples were made on a Perkin-Elmer UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, Conn., Model LAMBDA-14P). The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________     Time (min)               Control   Triiodophenolate                                     Triiodophenol     ______________________________________      0        0.8       0.87        0.74     10        0.27      0.77        0.70     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 4 Effect of Sodium Iodide on Degradation of Magenta Dye

10 and 2 equivalents of sodium iodide are added respectively to two aliquots of 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The sample is then exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________     Time (min)               Control    NaI (10 eq.)                                    NaI (2 eq.)     ______________________________________     0         0.8        0.88      0.91     2         0.55       0.88      0.9     4         0.45       0.88      0.85     6         0.37       0.84      0.79     8         0.34       0.81      0.73     10        0.27       0.77      0.7     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 5 Effect of Imine Adduct on Degradation of Magenta Dye

1.5 equivalents of the imine adduct from Example 1 is added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The sample is then exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________     Time (min)    Absorbency     ______________________________________      0            0.92     10            0.84     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 6 Effect of Imine Adduct on Degradation of Cyan Dye

4 equivalents or 1.5 equivalents to dye of the imine adduct from Example 1 is added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard cyan ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 C). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The samples are then exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________                         Imine Adduct                                    Imine Adduct     Time (min)               Control   (4 eq.)    (1.5 eq.)     ______________________________________      0        0.83      0.92       0.83     10        0.06      0.86       0.52     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of the Imine Adduct of Basic Fuschin

A solution of 5.0 g basic fuschin (Aldrich) and 3.2 g chalcone (Aldrich) in 300 ml of absolute ethanol with 3 drops of dimethylamino ethanol is refluxed for 1 hour after which the solvent is removed to yield a green crystalline powder. The powder is placed under reduced pressure for 1 hour. The reaction is summarized as follows, wherein the product is referred to as "chalcone fuschin imine": ##STR22##

EXAMPLE 8 Effect of Basic Fuschin Imine Adduct on Degradation of Cyan Ink

As a control, basic fuschin dye (Aldrich) is dissolved in water (10% wt/wt) and applied to an HP transparency. The imine adduct from Example 7 is dissolved in water (10% wt/wt). 2% (wt/wt) to dye of the imine adduct from Example 7 is added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard cyan ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 C). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The sample is then exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________                            Basic Fuschin     Time (min)     Control Adduct     ______________________________________      0             0.99    0.80     10             0.38    0.78     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 9 Effect of Iodide Salts on Degradation of Magenta Dye

10 molar equivalents of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or tetramethylammonium iodide ((CH₃)₄ NI) to dye are added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The samples is exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________     Time               NaI       KI    (CH.sub.3).sub.4 NI     (min)      Control (10 eq.)  (10 eq.)                                        (10 eq.)     ______________________________________      0         0.80    0.96      0.73  0.80     10         0.27    0.79      0.47  0.68     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 10 Effect of Imine Adduct on Degradation of Magenta Dye Under a Xenon Lamp

2 molar equivalents of the imine from Example 1 to dye is added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The sample is then exposed for 4.5 hours to a xenon lamp (Universal Systems, Inc., Azuza, Calif., 1000 Watt Short-Arc Lamp, Model LPS-255HR,). The results are shown in the following table.

    ______________________________________     Time (hrs)    Control Imine Adduct     ______________________________________     0             0.81    0.91     4.5           0.33    0.83     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 11 Effect of the Combination of Triiodophenol and Tetramethylammonium Iodide on Degradation of Magenta Dye Under a Fusion Lamp

2 molar equivalents of triiodophenol (Aldrich) to dye and 0.5 equivalents of (CH₃)₄ NI are added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The samples are exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The absorbency of the transparency at zero time is 0.95 and after 10 minutes of exposure to the fusion lamp, the absorbency is 0.86 showing good stabilizing activity.

EXAMPLE 12 Effect of Triiodophenol on Degradation of Magenta Dye Under a Fusion Lamp

2 molar equivalents of triiodophenol (Aldrich) to dye is admixed with 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The samples are exposed for 10, 20 and 30 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results of the test are shown in the following table:

    ______________________________________     Time (min)    Absorbency     ______________________________________      0            0.97     10            0.97     20            0.96     30            0.83     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 13 Effect of the Combination of the Imine Adduct of Basic Fuschin and Sodium Iodide on Degradation of Magenta Dye Under a Fusion Lamp

5% wt/wt of the imine adduct of basic fuschin from Example 7 and 1.5 equivalents of sodium iodide are admixed with 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard magenta ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The sample is exposed for zero and 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results of the test are shown in the following table:

    ______________________________________            Time            (min)                 Absorbency     ______________________________________             0   0.83            30   0.83     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 14 Effect of the Combination of the Triiodophenol and Tetramethylammonium Iodide on Degradation of Cyan Dye Under a Fusion Lamp

2 equivalents of triiodophenol (Aldrich) and 0.75 equivalents of (CH₃)₄ NI are added to 5 g of standard Hewlett Packard cyan ink jet ink formulation (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 C). 2% (wt/wt) of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink samples. The sample is drawn down on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A). The samples is exposed for 10 minutes to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results of the test are shown in the following table:

    ______________________________________     Time (min)    Absorbency     ______________________________________      0            0.83     30            0.83     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 15 Effect of Stabilizers on the Viscosity Ink

A 1/16 inch hole is drilled in a Hewlett-Packard magenta 20 ink cartridge and a syringe is used to remove the ink. 2 equivalents of triiodophenol and 2% wt/wt of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin are added to the ink sample and thoroughly mixed. The admixture is then put back into the cartridge using the syringe. An HP 1200C printer is used and 20 to 30 sheets are printed to get the cartridge to print fully. The viscosity is compared to control (untreated) ink by placing it in a burette and measuring volume poured from the cartridge in 10 seconds. Each value is the result of two pourings. The following table shows that the treated ink had approximately the same viscosity as the control ink.

    ______________________________________     Experiment      Control Additive     ______________________________________     1               6.4 g   6.3 g     2               5.4 g   5.3 g     3               6.0 g   6.4 g     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 16 Fade Test on Ink from Example 15

The cartridge prepared in Example 15 is used to print on a transparency (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat. No. HPC 3834A) so that a square inch of ink gives an absorbency reading of between 0.85 and 0.95. The square is then cut out and exposed to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results of the test are shown in the following table:

    ______________________________________     Time     Treated (Absorbency                            Control (Absorbency)     ______________________________________      0       0.97          0.88     10       0.97          0.83     20       0.96          0.59     30       0.83          0.42     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 17 Effect of Triiodophenol and Tetramethylammonium Iodide on Ink

A hole is drilled in a Hewlett-Packard magenta ink cartridge (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, Calif., Part No. HP 51640 M) and a syringe is used to remove the ink. 2 equivalents of triiodophenol and 0.5 equivalents of (CH₃)₄ NI and 2% wt/wt of ethyl hydroxy β-cyclodextrin is added to the ink sample and thoroughly mixed. The admixture is then put back into the cartridge using the syringe. The loaded cartridge is then placed in a HP 1200C printer and 20 pages are printed to stabilize the cartridge. Squares are then printed on transparencies according to Example 16. The squares are then cut out and exposed to a fusion lamp having a water cooled Pyrex filter. The results of the test are shown in the following table:

    ______________________________________     Time        Treated   Control     (min)       (Absorbency                           (Absorbency)     ______________________________________      0          0.90      0.88     20          0.85      0.59     30          0.80      0.42     ______________________________________

No leakage or printing problems are observed and the cartridge is used to print 205 pages with no problems.

EXAMPLE 18

Cartridges are prepared according to Example 15 and printed on transparencies according to Example 16. The squares are exposed to xenon lamp radiation with a Pyrex/water filter. The UV absorption is determined at the indicated times. The results of the test are shown in the following table:

    ______________________________________                  Treated   Control     Time         (Absorbency                            (Absorbency)     ______________________________________      0 hrs       1.13      0.93     23 hrs       1.06      0.61     44 hrs       1.03      0.42     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 19 Examples of Compounds that did not Significantly Stabilize Dyes

Using protocols similar to those described in the previous examples, the following compounds were tested for their ability to stabilize the dyes in ink jet inks: 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, sodium salt, β-carotene, 3,4-didehydroretinol (Vitamin A), ascorbic acid, 4-iodobenzoic acid, selenium EDTA complex and TINUVIN 936 (Ciba-Geigy Corporation). None of these representative compounds significantly stabilized any of the dyes tested.

EXAMPLE 20 Representative Combinations of Colorant Stabilizers

The following table represents various combinations of the desired colorant stabilizers that can be used to stabilize dyes. The particular combination that will be used will depend upon the final formulation of dye solution. The following table is not meant to be a comprehensive representation of all possible combinations but is only meant to show several possible combinations.

NaI=sodium iodide (NI)

(CH₃)₄ NI=tetramethylammonium iodide (TI)

CD=cyclodextrin (CD)

    ______________________________________      ##STR23##     basic fuschin imine adduct (BFI)      ##STR24##     sulfonic acid imine adduct (ASI)      ##STR25##     triiodophenol (TIP)      ##STR26##     triiodophenol covalently bound to ethylhydroxy β-     cyclodextrin. n = 3 (TIP - CD)      ##STR27##     sulfonic acid imine adduct covalently bound to ethylhydroxy     β-cyclodextrin. n = 3 (ASI - CD)      ##STR28##     ______________________________________     amino sulfonic acid (ASA)     NI    (CH.sub.3).sub.4                    BFI     BFI +  BFI + BFI +  BFI +           NI               CD     TI    TI + CD                                                NI     TIP   TIP - CD TIP +   TIP +  TIP + TIP +  BFI +                    NI      NI +   TI    TI + CD                                                NI +                            CD                  CD     ASA   ASA +    ASA +   ASI    ASI + ASI +  ASI +           TI       TI +           TI    CD     CD +                    CD                          TI     NaI + TI       TI +    ASI - CD                                   ASI - ASI -     CD             CD             CD +  CD +                                   TI    NI     TIP + TIP - CD TIP -   TIP -     CD             CD +    CD +                    NI      TI     ASA + ASA +    ASA +     CD    NI       NI +                    CD     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 21 Preparation of Tosyl Sugar

To a 500 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer and condenser is placed 75 g of 1,2-o-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose (Aldrich) and 200 ml of anhydrous pyridine (Aldrich). The flask is cooled in an icebath and then 64.8 g of p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (Aldrich) is added. The mixture is stored overnight and allowed to warm to room temperature. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, the oil redissolved in ether and washed with saturated copper sulfate solution, dried with MgSO₄, and the solvent removed to yield a light yellow viscous oil. The yield is 108.1 g (85%). The reaction is summarized as follows: ##STR29##

The resulting reaction product has the following reaction parameters:

1H NMR DMSO-d₆ !!7.5-8.8 (m, Tosyl-Aromatic Hs),

1.2-1.6 (m, sugar's ketal CH₃ s)

EXAMPLE 22 Preparation of Trimethylphenol Sugar

To a 500 ml three-necked flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer, condenser and gas-inlet tube being continuously flushed with argon, 20.0 g of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (Aldrich) and 150 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran ("THF") is placed into the flask. 4.2 g of sodium hydride is slowly added over 30 minutes and the gas evolution allowed to subside. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 minutes after which 55.1 g of the tosyl sugar prepared in Example 21 is added in 50 ml of THF. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight and then refluxed for 60 minutes. The reaction mixture is then filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a brown oil The oil is then dissolved in 200 ml of ether and 100 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide solution and the mixture stirred for one hour. The organic layer is then separated, dried with MgSO₄, and the solvent removed to yield a pale yellow oil. The yield is 32.1 g (62%). The reaction is summarized as follows: ##STR30##

The resulting reaction product, (3aR, 6S, 6aR)-Tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-α- (mesityloxy)methyl!-2,2-dimethylfuro 2,3-d!-1,3-dioxole-5-methanol, had the following physical parameters:

1H NMR DMSO-d₆ ! key peaks: 7.3-6.8 (m), 4.8-3.7 (m), 2.2-2.5 (m), 1.5-1.7 (m) ppm.

Mass Spectrum: m/e: 338, 323, 281, 263, 265, 208, 203, 178, 149, 136, 121, 91, 73, 69.

EXAMPLE 23 Removal of Ketal Group

To a three necked flask fitted with a gas inlet and outlet and magnetic stirrer, is placed 20.0 g of the trimethylphenol sugar produced in Example 22 and 200 ml of anhydrous THF. Dry HCl gas (Matheson) is bubbled into the solution until the reaction mixture has a pH of 5-3 on moist Universal Indicator paper. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for one hour and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a light brown oil. The oil was found to be highly water soluble. The reaction is summarized as follows: ##STR31##

The resulting reaction product, (2S, 3R, 4R)-Tetrahydro-5- 1-hydroxy-2-(mesityloxy)ethyl!-2,3,4-furantriol, had the following physical parameters:

1H NMR DMSO-d₆ ! showed loss of ketal CH₃ groups at 1.5 to 1.7 ppm.

EXAMPLE 24 Preparation of Triiodophenol Sugar

Into a three-necked round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer, gas inlet, and condenser, is placed 20 g 2,4,6-triiodophenol and 200 ml of dry THF. The flask is cooled in an ice bath and 1.2 g of sodium hydride added slowly over 30 minutes. The mixture is then stirred for 30 minutes and then 15.6 g of tosyl sugar from Example 21 added in 50 ml of THF. The reaction is then heated to reflux overnight. The reaction mixture is then filtered and the solvent removed to yield a dark brown oil. The oil is then stirred in 200 ml of diethyl ether and 200 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide. The organic layer is then separated, dried with MgSO₄, and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a pale yellow oil. The yield is 21.3 g (76%). The reaction is summarized as follows: ##STR32##

The resulting reaction product, (3aR, 6S, 6R)-Tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-α- (2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)methyl!furo 2,3-d!-1,3-dioxole-5-methanol, has the following physical parameters:

Mass Spectrum: m/e: 529, 460, 431, 402, 358, 289, 275, 231, 145, 129, 73.

EXAMPLE 25 Removal of Ketal Group

To a 250 ml three necked round bottom flask fitted with gas inlet and outlet is placed 10.0 g of triiodophenol sugar produced in Example 24 and 150 ml of anhydrous THF. Dry HCl gas is bubbled into the reaction mixture until the solution has a pH of 3-5 on moist Universal Indicator paper (Fisher). The reaction mixture is then evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 8.8 g (96%) of a pale yellow oil. The reaction is summarized as follows: ##STR33##

The resulting reaction product, (2S, 3R, 4R)-Tetrahydro-5- 1-hydroxy-2-(2,4,6-triiodophenoxy)ethyl!-2,3,4-furantriol, has the following physical properties:

Mass Spectrum: m/e: 529, 460, 347, 231, 145, 129, 73

EXAMPLE 26 Fade Testing of Hewlett Packard Magenta Ink with Additives Prepared in the Examples Above on Neenah Bond Paper

Three Hewlett Packard HP51640M Magenta ink cartridges (Palo Alto, Calif.) are drilled with a 1/8 inch drill and the ink removed via syringe into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. 4.8 g (2% wt/wt) β-hydroxyethyl cyclodextrin (American Maize) is added to the 96.7 g ink and the mixture shaken for 10 minutes to dissolve and disperse the cyclodextrin. Then 8.7 g trimethylphenol sugar (3 molar equivalents, or "eq") produced in Example 23, 19.3 g of triiodophenol sugar (4 eq) produced in Example 25, and 5.6 g of NaI (2 eq), are added to the mixture and shaken and sonicated for 20 minutes. The resultant mixture is then divided evenly into three aliquots, and one aliquot each of the resultant mixture is reintroduced into each of the drilled ink cartridges via syringe and filtered simultaneously through a 0.45μ filter. The cartridges are then placed into a Hewlett Packard 1600C printer and test sheets are printed out on Neenah Bond, Kimberly Clark Corporation. Sheets number 30-32 are generated and subjected to fade studies against control sheets as described above, except that the sheets are exposed to an Atlas Electric Devices Co. (Chicago, Ill.) Weatherometer, Model No. C135W, radiance at 0.53 watts/m² at 340 nm, wherein the black panel is at 32° C., borosilicate filters, and the humidity is 50%. Absorbancy is measured after 0 and 66 hours of exposure of the control and experimental samples generated above. Absorbancy is measured with a Perkin Elmer UV/Visible Spectrophotometer λ14B.

The results of the fade studies are shown in the tables below. The table below reports the fade study absorbancy results for the control sheet samples at 0 and 66 hours.

    ______________________________________     C0NTR0L SHEETS     Absorbancy at 0 and 66 hours     Sample No.        T.sub.0                              T.sub.66     ______________________________________     1                 1.2    0.00     2                 1.2    0.10     3                 1.2    0.15     4                 1.2    0.14     5                 1.2    0.13     6                  1.18  0.15     ______________________________________

The table below reports the fade study absorbancy results for the experimental sheet samples generated as described above at 0 and 66 hours.

    ______________________________________     EXPERIMENTAL SHEETS     Absorbancy at 0 and 66 hours     Sample No.        T.sub.0                              T.sub.66     ______________________________________     1                 1.07   0.90     2                 1.10   0.85     3                 1.10   0.80     4                 1.05   0.85     5                 1.10   0.85     ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 27 Fade Testing of Hewlett Packard Magenta Ink on Transparency Sheets

The procedure of Example 26 is repeated except that the control and experimental inks are printed on Hewlett Packard Premuim Transparency HPC 3834A sheets instead of on Neenah Bond paper. The control sheet absorbancy values after 66 hours are 0.09 for sample 1, and 0.02 for sample 2. The experimental absorbancy value after 66 hours is 0.79 for sample 1.

EXAMPLE 28 Testing of Treated Paper for Reduction of Yellowing

The yellowing of paper is tested by dipping the paper in a solution as described below, drying the paper, and then exposing the paper in a weatherometer for 12 hours. More particularly, the paper is placed in a container to soak in the solution, hung on a line in a fumehood to drip dry, and then oven dried as described below.

Solution A Sodium Iodide+Sodium Thiosulfate

A 6.7% wt/wt sodium iodide and 10% wt/wt sodium thiosulfate solution in water is prepared. Strips of Neenah bond paper are dipped into the solution and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 15 minutes. The paper is then placed into an Atlas Weatherometer and exposed to the following conditions for twelve hours: 0.53 W/m², 50% humidity, 32° C.

Solution B Sodium Iodide

A 6.7% wt/wt solution of sodium iodide is prepared and Neenah bond paper strips are dipped therein, dried, and exposed in a weatherometer as described above.

Solution C Sodium Thiosulfate

A 10% wt/wt solution of sodium thiosulfate is prepared and Neenah bond paper strips are dipped therein, dried, and exposed in a weatherometer as described above.

Control

Strips of Neenah bond paper were cut and exposed in a weatherometer as described above.

The results of exposing the treated and control strips of paper are as follows: The paper treated with solution A turned yellow. The paper treated with solution B turned dark yellow. The paper treated with solution C did not change, and remained white. The control samples turned very pale yellow. Accordingly, treating paper with sodium thiosulfate reduces the amount of yellowing that occurs over time.

EXAMPLE 29 Fade Testing of Hewlett Packard Inks Printed on Sodium Thiosulfate Treated Paper

This example determines if sodium thiosulfate treated paper enhances the resistance to fade of Hewlett Packard Ink admixed with the colorant stabilizers of the present invention.

Several sheets of Hewlett Packard premium ink jet paper are soaked in a 10% wt/wt aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate, and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 15 minutes at 0.1 mm Hg. These sheets are referred to as the "treated paper".

The Hewlett Packard ink cartridge (magenta ink) is prepared as described above, by drilling a hole in the cartridge, removing the ink via a syringe, and placing the ink in an Erlenmeyer flask. 5% wt/wt of hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin is put into the flask, and the mixture shaken for 10 minutes. Afterwards, 3 equivalents of triiodophenol sugar produced in Example 25, 4 equivalents of trimethylphenol sugar produced in Example 23, and 2 equivalents of sodium iodide are added to the mixture and shaken for 20 minutes. It is to be understood that "equivalents" above are molar equivalents to the dye in the ink. The Ink mixture is then reinjected into the ink jet cartridge via syringe with 0.45μ filter attachment. This cartridge is referred to as the additive containing cartridge.

Test sheets are printed using control cartridges (other Hewlett Packard ink jet cartridges, including magenta, yellow, and cyan, without the above additives) and the additive containing cartridge on treated and untreated paper. More particularly, treated and untreated sheets are printed with Hewlett Packard magenta, yellow, and cyan ink cartridges that do not contain additives. Additionally, treated and untreated sheets are printed with Hewlett Packard yellow and cyan ink cartridges that do no contain additives and with the additive containing cartridge that contains magenta ink. The paper is then placed in the Atlas Weatherometer and exposed for 15 hours to the following conditions: 0.53 W/m² at 340 nm, 50% humidity, borosilicate filters, and 32° C.

The change in color is measured by the Xrite Colorimeter (Model 938, SpectroDensitometer, Grandville, Mich.) which measures the ΔE* values, based on the L, a*, b* as described by Cielab, D-50-2.

Visual and actual measurements show the control magenta ink on untreated paper faded the most, the additive-containing magenta ink on untreated paper faded less, and the additive-containing magenta ink on treated paper barely faded at all, and faded the least. More particularly, the ΔE* values are as follows:

    ______________________________________     Paper         Magenta Ink                             ΔE* Values     ______________________________________     Untreated     Control   34.24     Untreated     Additives 20.53     Treated       Additives 11.09     ______________________________________

Percentage wise, additive containing ink is 40% better in fade resistance than control ink (both on untreated paper), and additive containing ink on treated paper is 68% better in fade resistance than control ink on untreated paper, after 15 hours exposure.

Examination of the % Reflectance graphs of the samples before and after fading shows that the magenta dye does not fade or its concentration change when the additive is present in the ink and it is printed on the treated paper. However, the control clearly shows loss of the dye chromophore. In contrast, the additive system in the ink protects the loss of dye, however the ΔE* values show that the additive system yellows somewhat upon exposure to light, hence yielding the ΔE* value. The treated paper therefore decreases this yellowing of the additive thus giving the smallest ΔE* (color change) after 15 hours of exposure.

EXAMPLE 30 Fade Testing of Yellow Hewlett Packard Inks Printed on Sodium Thiosulfate Treated Paper and Untreated Paper

This example determines if sodium thiosulfate treated paper enhances the resistance to fade of yellow Hewlett Packard Ink.

The papers exposed to the Atlas Weatherometer in Example 29 also had yellow and cyan squares printed thereon in boxes next to the magenta squares. Although some of the magenta squares contained the stabilizing additives, all of the yellow and cyan squares did not contain the additives.

Accordingly, yellow Hewlett Packard Ink is printed on both treated and untreated Hewlett Packard premium ink jet paper and then exposed to the Atlas Weatherometer under the conditions listed in Example 29. It is to be understood that the treated paper is soaked in a 10% wt/wt solution of sodium thiosulfate and dried in a vacuum oven under the conditions listed in Example 29.

The yellow ink on the weatherometer-exposed treated paper has little or no fading in comparison with the yellow ink on the unexposed treated paper. However, the yellow ink on the weatherometer-exposed untreated paper is substantially faded in comparison with the yellow ink on the unexposed untreated paper. Accordingly, the treated paper reduces the fade of the yellow ink in comparison to the untreated paper.

EXAMPLE 31 Fade Testing of Yellow Hewlett Packard Inks Printed on Sodium Thiosulfate Treated Paper and Untreated Paper

This example determines if sodium thiosulfate treated paper enhances the resistance to fade of yellow Hewlett Packard Ink.

Additional ink samples were printed of Hewlett Packard inks, including yellow ink, on treated and untreated paper using the method described in Example 29. The samples were placed in the Atlas Weatherometer under the conditions listed in Example 29, except that the samples were exposed for a total of 51 hours.

Visual and color measurements (ΔE*) show that the treated paper reduces the fade of the yellow ink. More particularly, the ΔE* values for the yellow ink are as follows:

    ______________________________________                   ΔE* Values for                               ΔE* Values for     Hours of Exposure                   Untreated Paper                               Treated Paper     ______________________________________     24            28.33        2.29     51            54.96       12.08     ______________________________________

The ΔE* values indicate little or no color change of the yellow ink on the treated paper over 51 hours.

EXAMPLE 32 Fade Testing of Cyan Hewlett Packard Inks Printed on Sodium Thiosulfate Treated Paper and Untreated Paper

Samples were printed of Hewlett Packard inks, including cyan ink, on treated and untreated paper using the method described in Example 29. It is to be understood that none of the cyan inks contained the stabilizing additives listed in Example 29. The samples were placed in the Atlas Weatherometer under the conditions listed in Example 29, except that the samples were exposed for a total of 51 hours.

The treated paper had little or no effect on the fade of the Hewlett Packard cyan ink in comparison to the untreated paper. At 24 hours and 51 hours of total exposure to the Weatherometer, the cyan ink faded to a similar extent on the treated and untreated paper.

EXAMPLE 33 Fade Testing Of Inks Printed On Treated Paper

Fade testing of a magenta American Ink Jet ink jet formulation for a Canon printer is conducted as follows. The magenta ink is printed on cyclodextrin treated paper and sodium thiosulfate treated paper, and then exposed for 100 hours in an Atlas Weatherometer.

More particularly, approximately 10 ml of ink is removed from a small cartridge for a Canon BJC printer by use of a syringe with needle, via the wick plug. The following stabilizing additives are admixed with the magenta ink: 5% wt/wt of basic fuschin imine adduct prepared in Example 7; 0.25 eq tetramethylammonium iodide; and 2% wt/wt hydroxyethyl-γ-cyclodexttrin. The ink admixture is placed back into the cartridge via syringe with a 0.45μ filter. The first 15 to 20 sheets printed are discarded to ensure that the ink admixture is being printed on the paper to be exposed to the Atlas Weatherometer.

Sodium Thiosulfate Treated Paper

The sodium thiosulfate treated paper is prepared as follows. A stock solution of 15 g sodium thiosulfate is placed in a beaker of 150 g of water and dissolved. The solution is placed in a Pyrex oven dish and sheets of Hewlett Packard Premium ink jet paper are placed therein, one sheet at a time. After the sheet has soaked in the sodium thiosulfate solution for 3 to 4 minutes, the sheets are removed and placed in a vacuum oven which is heated to 30°-32° C. and the vacuum of 0.1 torr applied for 15 to 20 minutes, producing dried sheets of paper.

By weighing a sheet before submersion in the sodium thiosulfate solution, and after the drying step, the amount of sodium thiosulfate present on or in the paper is calculated to be approximately 12% wt/wt.

Cyclodextrin Treated Paper

The cyclodextrin treated paper is prepared as follows. A 10% wt/wt solution of hydroxyethyl-γ-cyclodexttrin is prepared, and sheets of Hewlett Packard Premium ink jet paper are treated as described above. By weighing a sheet before submersion in the cyclodextrin solution, and after the drying step, the amount of cyclodextrin present on or in the paper is calculated as approximately 3.4%.

A series of sheets are printed on the Canon BJC printer using the ink admixture prepared above or the commercially available ink for the printer as the control. Untreated sheets are printed (control), as well as sodium thiosulfate treated sheets and cyclodextrin treated sheets. The sheets are then exposed to light radiation for 100 hours in an Atlas Weatherometer having the following conditions: 0.54 W/m² at 440 nm irradiance; black panel temperature of 45° C.; borosilicate filters; and humidity of 55%. The color change readings (ΔE*) are measured using the X-rite meter. The results are reported below.

    ______________________________________     Sample                 ΔE*                                   ΔH*     ______________________________________     Control ink on untreated paper                            47.6   -3.1     Ink admixture on untreated paper                            15.7   15.3     Ink admixture on cyclodextrin paper                            5.9    0.6     Ink admixture on thiosulfate paper                            9.3    2.8     ______________________________________

As can be seen above, the stabilizing molecules in the ink admixture improve the light fastness and give a slight shift in hue of the colorant therein upon exposure to radiation. However, the above data clearly shows that the stabilizing molecules in the ink, in combination with the ink being printed on the treated paper, significantly improves the colorants resistance to fade upon exposure to radiation. The cyclodextrin treated paper gave the colorant the greatest improvement in light fastness, with the sodium thiosulfate treated paper giving the colorant the second best improvement in light fastness.

EXAMPLE 34 Preparation of Treated Paper

This examples describes one method of treating paper with either cyclodextrin or sodium thiosulfate. Hewlett-Packard premium ink jet paper is coated and dried to obtain flat treated paper for ink jet fade studies described in Examples 35 and 36.

More particularly, the paper is coated as follows. The paper is rolled between two rollers that are positioned on top of each other, wherein the bottom portion of the bottom roller is submersed in a solution of either cyclodextrin or sodium thiosulfate, and wherein a controlled amount of the same solution is continually dripped onto the top portion of the top roller. It is to be understood that as the paper rolls between the rollers, the paper is coated on its top surface by contact with the lower portion of the top roller which contains the solution thereon, and the solution continues to be applied to the top portion of the top roller as it rolls via contact with the paper. Additionally, as the paper rolls between the rollers, the paper is coated on its bottom surface by contact with the top portion of the bottom roller which contains the solution thereon, and the solution continues to be applied to the lower portion of the bottom roller (which is submersed in the solution) as it rolls via contact with the paper.

After the paper passes through the rollers as described above, it is rolled onto a steel, steam heated drum with a fabric flap to prevent the paper from curling as it is dried thereon.

The γ-cyclodexttrin treated paper is prepared as follows. The HP premium paper is weighed prior to treatment. A 50% by weight aqueous solution of γ-cyclodexttrin is prepared and applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the HP premium paper as described above. After the treated paper is dried, the paper is again weighed to yield a 7% wt/wt cyclodextrin content in or on the paper.

The sodium thiosulfate treated paper is prepared as follows. The HP premium paper is weighed prior to treatment. A 20% by weight aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate is prepared and applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the paper as described above. After the treated paper is dried, the paper is again weighed to yield a 2% wt/wt sodium thiosulfate content on or in the paper.

These treated papers are used in the fade testing studies reported in Examples 35 and 36.

EXAMPLE 35 Fade Testing of Various Magenta Inks on Treated Paper

This example reports the results of fade testing of Hewlett-Packard (HP), American Ink Jet (AIJ), and Canon magenta ink jet inks, either with or without the stabilizing additives of the present invention, on treated or untreated Hewlett-Packard Premium paper.

The inks having the stabilizing additives of the present invention are prepared as described in the above examples, wherein the ink is removed from the appropriate cartridge, mixed with the additives, shaken and then sonicated for 20 minutes, then injected into the original cartridge via syringe fitted with a 0.45μ filter. The resultant ink contains the following additives: 5% wt/wt of the basic fuschin imine adduct prepared in Example 7; 0.25 eq of tetramethylammonium iodide; and 2% wt/wt hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin.

The magenta inks are printed onto HP premium paper and the treated paper prepared in Example 34. The Hewlett-Packard inks and the American Ink Jet inks are printed using a Hewlett-Packard 1600C printer and the Canon inks are printed using a BJC-600 printer.

The sheets were then placed in the Atlas Weatherometer and exposed for a total of 77 hours under the following conditions: 0.54 W/m² at 440 nm, borosilicate filters, 55% humidity, and 45° C. black panel temperature.

The change in color of the magenta ink is measured by the Xrite Colorimeter (Model 938, SpectroDensitometer, Grandville, Mich.) which measures the ΔE* values, based on the L, a*, b* as described by Cielab, D-50-2. The results are reported in the table below.

    ______________________________________                    ΔE* Values     Samples          24 Hrs. 45 Hrs. 63 Hrs.                                            77 Hrs.     ______________________________________     HP Ink on HP Paper                      12.5    24.6    41.1  64.0     HP Ink on CD Treated Paper                      9.1     13.3    20.0  31.5     HP Ink + Additives on HP Paper                      5.3     9.9     17.1  25.0     HP Ink + Additives on CD Paper                      7.4     9.9     12.3  14.7     AIJ Ink on HP Paper                      6.3     12.1    22.0  37.0     AIJ Ink on CD Treated Paper                      2.7     4.3     8.0   13.7     AIJ Ink + Additives on CD Paper                      1.2     1.6     1.7   3.5     Canon Ink on HP Paper                      5.6     6.0     7.0   9.0     Canon Ink + Additives on                      1.6     1.8     2.0   2.4     Thiosulfate Treated Paper     ______________________________________

As shown above, the additives reduce fade, and when the ink containing the additives is printed on treated paper, the amount of fade is even further reduced.

EXAMPLE 36 Fade Testing of Various Magenta Inks on Treated Paper

This example reports the results of fade testing of Hewlett-Packard (HP), American Ink Jet (AIJ), and Canon magenta ink jet inks, either with or without the stabilizing additives of the present invention, on treated or untreated paper. More particularly, the paper is untreated Hewlett-Packard Premium paper, Kimberly-Clark Bright White ink jet paper, or Hewlett-Packard Premium paper treated as described in Example 34. Three types of treated paper are prepared using one of the following three aqueous solutions: 50% wt/wt γ-cyclodexttrin; 20% wt/wt sodium thiosulfate; or 20% wt/wt γ-cyclodexttrin and 10% wt/wt sodium thiosulfate.

As stated above in Example 34, the 50% cyclodextrin treated paper has a 7% wt/wt cyclodextrin content in or on the paper, and the 20% sodium thiosulfate treated paper has a 2% wt/wt sodium thiosulfate content in or on the paper. The paper treated with the 20% wt/wt γ-cyclodexttrin and 10% wt/wt sodium thiosulfate solution is weighed before and after treatment, to yield a 4 to 5% wt/wt total content of cyclodextrin and sodium thiosulfate in or on the paper.

The treated and untreated paper is printed with the additive containing inks prepared in Example 35 or with the corresponding non-additive containing inks. The HP and AIJ inks were printed from HP 1600 cartridges using an HP 1600C printer. The Canon ink was printed with a BJC-600 printer.

The sheets were then placed in the Atlas Weatherometer and exposed for a total of 77 hours under the following conditions: 0.54 W/m² at 440 nm, 55% humidity, 45° C. black panel temperature, borosilicate filters.

The change in magenta color is measured by the Xrite Colorimeter (Model 938, SpectroDensitometer, Grandville, Mich.) which measures the ΔE* values, based on the L, a*, b* as described by Cielab, D-50-2. The results are reported in the table below.

    ______________________________________                        Values at 77 Hours     Paper                ΔE*                                  ΔH*     ______________________________________     HP Inks With Additives     Hewlett-Packard Paper                          25.0    13.3     50% Cyclodextrin     14.7    9.0     20% Cyclodextrin/10% Thiosulfate                          15.7    8.0     20% Thiosulfate      20.4    12.2     Kimberly-Clark Bright White                          16.0    --     HP Inks (No Additives)     Hewlett-Packard Paper                          64.0    11.3     50% Cyclodextrin     31.5    10.5     20% Cyclodextrin/10% Thiosulfate                          21.0    10.3     20% Thiosulfate      27.2    13.6     Kimberly-Clark Bright White                          32.5    10.8     AIJ Inks With Additives     Hewlett-Packard Paper                          11.8    0.12     50% Cyclodextrin     3.5     0.1     20% Cyclodextrin/10% Thiosulfate                          10.0    1.9     20% Thiosulfate      11.4    1.5     Kimberly-Clark Bright White                          8.0     2.0     AIJ Inks (No Additives)     Hewlett-Packard Paper                          37.0    -3.11     50% Cyclodextrin     13.7    -3.7     20% CD/10% Thiosulfate                          21.2    16.6     20% Thiosulfate      5.6     4.0     Kimberly-Clark Bright White                          13.8    -0.47     Canon Inks With Additives     Hewlett-Packard Paper                          8.2     2.7     50% Cyclodextrin     4.3     3.2     20% Cyclodextrin/10% Thiosulfate                          2.4     1.3     20% Thiosulfate      2.4     0.01     Kimberly-Clark Bright White                          7.0     --     Canon Inks (No Additives)     HP Paper             9.0     2.0     20% Thiosulfate      2.4     0.1     ______________________________________

Having thus described the invention, numerous changes and modifications hereof will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a colorant stabilizing agent in or on a substrate, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent, a molecular includant, or a combination thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizing agent is a molecular includant.
 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the molecular includant is a clathrate, intercalate, zeolite, crown ether, calixarene, valinomycin natural antibiotic, nigericin natural antibiotic, or cyclic compound containing a plurality of pyranose rings.
 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the cyclic compound is α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodexttrin, δ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ-cyclodexttrin, octyl succinated α-cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β-cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ-cyclodexttrin, sulfated β-cyclodextrin, sulfated γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxyethyl γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxyisopropyl γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxypropyl γ-cyclodexttrin, octyl succinate γ-cyclodexttrin, or carboxymethyl γ-cyclodexttrin.
 5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the cyclic compound is γ-cyclodexttrin or hydroxyethyl γ-cyclodexttrin.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate (Na₂ S₂ O₃), sodium sulfite (Na₂ SO₃), cysteine, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphite, sodium citrate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, boron hydride, dithionite, hydrazine, thiourea-dioxide, hydrogen sulphite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, ammonium hydrogen sulfite, sodium trithionite, or a polyhydric phenol.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizing agent is a molecular includant and a reducing agent.
 10. A method of light-stabilizing a colorant, comprising:associating the colorant with a composition, the composition comprises a colorant stabilizing agent in or on a substrate, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent, a molecular includant, or a combination thereof.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the stabilizing agent is a molecular includant.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecular includant is a clathrate, intercalate, zeolite, crown ether, calixarene, valinomycin natural antibiotic, nigericin natural antibiotic, or cyclic compound containing a plurality of pyranose rings.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cyclic compound is α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodexttrin, δ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl α-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl α-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl γ-cyclodexttrin, octyl succinated α-cyclodextrin, octyl succinated β-cyclodextrin, octyl succinated γ-cyclodexttrin, sulfated β-cyclodextrin, sulfated γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxyethyl γ-cyclodexttrin, hydroxyisopropyl γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl γ-cyclodexttrin, octyl succinate γ-cyclodexttrin, or carboxymethyl γ-cyclodexttrin.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cyclic compound is γ-cyclodexttrin or hydroxyethyl γ-cyclodexttrin.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate (Na₂ S₂ O₃), sodium sulfite (Na₂ SO₃), cysteine, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphite, sodium citrate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, boron hydride, dithionite, hydrazine, thiourea-dioxide, hydrogen sulphite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, ammonium hydrogen sulfite, sodium trithionite, or a polyhydric phenol.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the stabilizing agent is a molecular includant and a reducing agent.
 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the colorant composition comprises a colorant, a liquid vehicle, and a stabilizing additive.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the stabilizing additive is an aryliminealkene, a molecular includant, a triiodophenol, a triiodophenol derivative, a trialkylphenol wherein each alkyl contains one to five carbon atoms, a trialkylphenol derivative wherein each alkyl contains one to five carbon atoms, a Group VII ion, or a reducing agent.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the stabilizing additive is an aryliminealkene, a molecular includant, or a Group VII ion.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the aryliminealkene is chalcone fuschin imine, the molecular includant is hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, and the Group VII ion is iodide.
 23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the substrate is paper, wood, fabric, plastic, glass, or any combination thereof.
 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the substrate is paper.
 25. The method of claim 10, wherein the substrate is paper, wood, fabric, plastic, glass or any combination thereof.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the substrate is paper.
 27. The composition of claim 2, further comprising a stabilizing molecule represented by the formula ##STR34## wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;R₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₃ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₄ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group; R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, polyalkene, or substituted aryl group; and wherein R₁, R₂, or R₄ are an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the molecule has the formula ##STR35## wherein if R₁ is an aryl group, then R₂ is a hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; andif R₂ is an aryl group, then R₁ is hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; and R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR36##
 30. The composition of claim 28, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR37##
 31. The composition of claim 28, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR38##
 32. The composition of claim 28, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR39##
 33. The composition of claim 28, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR40##
 34. The composition of claim 28, wherein the composition further comprises a colorant.
 35. The composition of claim 28, wherein the molecular includant is covalently bonded to the colorant.
 36. The composition of claim 2, wherein the molecular includant is a functionalized molecular includant having a degree of substitution of from one to about
 21. 37. The composition of claim 2, wherein the molecular includant is a derivatized molecular includant.
 38. The composition of claim 2, further comprising a Group VII ion.
 39. The composition of claim 38, wherein the Group VII ion is iodide.
 40. The composition of claim 39, wherein the iodide is sodium iodide or tetramethyl ammonium iodide.
 41. The composition of claim 2, further comprising a derivatized phenol having the following formula ##STR41## wherein R₁ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;R₂ is an iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; R₃ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; and R₄ is a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, polyether compound, hydrogen, glucose, fructose, polyether sugar, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, cyclodextrin, or derivatized cyclodextrin.
 42. The composition of claim 41, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR42##
 43. The composition of claim 41, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR43##
 44. The composition of claim 2, further comprising an amino sulfonic acid compound.
 45. The composition of claim 44, wherein the amino sulfonic acid has the following formula ##STR44## wherein the SO₃ H group is in the ortho, meta or para position.
 46. The composition of claim 7, further comprising a stabilizing molecule represented by the formula ##STR45## wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;R₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₃ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₄ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group; R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, polyalkene, or substituted aryl group; and wherein R₁, R₂, or R₄ are an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 47. The composition of claim 46, wherein the molecule has the formula ##STR46## wherein if R₁ is an aryl group, then R₂ is a hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; andif R₂ is an aryl group, then R₁ is hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; and R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 48. The composition of claim 47, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR47##
 49. The composition of claim 47, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR48##
 50. The composition of claim 47, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR49##
 51. The composition of claim 47, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR50##
 52. The composition of claim 47, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR51##
 53. The composition of claim 46, wherein the composition further comprises a colorant.
 54. The composition of claim 6, further comprising a Group VII ion.
 55. The composition of claim 54, wherein the Group VII ion is iodide.
 56. The composition of claim, 55, wherein the iodide is sodium iodide or tetramethyl ammonium iodide.
 57. The composition of claim 6, further comprising a derivatized phenol having the following formula ##STR52## wherein R₁ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;R₂ is an iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; R₃ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; and R₄ is a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, polyether compound, hydrogen, glucose, fructose, polyether sugar, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, cyclodextrin, or derivatized cyclodextrin.
 58. The composition of claim 57, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR53##
 59. The composition of claim 57, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR54##
 60. The composition of claim 6, further comprising an amino sulfonic acid compound.
 61. The composition of claim 60, wherein the amino sulfonic acid has the following formula ##STR55## wherein the SO₃ H group is in the ortho, meta or para position.
 62. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition further comprises a stabilizing molecule represented by the formula ##STR56## wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;R₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₃ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₄ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group; R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, polyalkene, or substituted aryl group; and wherein R₁, R₂, or R₄ are an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the molecule has the formula ##STR57## wherein if R₁ is an aryl group, then R₂ is a hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; andif R₂ is an aryl group, then R₁ is hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; and R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR58##
 65. The method of claim 63, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR59##
 66. The method of claim 63, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR60##
 67. The method of claim 63, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR61##
 68. The method of claim 63, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR62##
 69. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecular includant is covalently bonded to the colorant.
 70. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecular includant is a functionalized molecular includant having a degree of substitution of from one to about
 21. 71. The method of claim 11, wherein the molecular includant is a derivatized molecular includant.
 72. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition further comprises a Group VII ion.
 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the Group VII ion is iodide.
 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the iodide is sodium iodide or tetramethyl ammonium iodide.
 75. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition further comprises a derivatized phenol having the following formula ##STR63## wherein R₁ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;R₂ is an iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; R₃ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; and R₄ is a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, polyether compound, hydrogen, glucose, fructose, polyether sugar, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, cyclodextrin, or derivatized cyclodextrin.
 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR64##
 77. The method of claim 75, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR65##
 78. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition further comprises an amino sulfonic acid compound.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the amino sulfonic acid has the following formula ##STR66## wherein the SO₃ H group is in the ortho, meta or para position.
 80. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition further comprises a stabilizing molecule represented by the formula ##STR67## wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group;R₂ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₃ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl group, or substituted aryl group; R₄ is hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group; R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, polyalkene, or substituted aryl group; and wherein R₁, R₂, or R₄ are an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the molecule has the formula ##STR68## wherein if R₁ is an aryl group, then R₂ is a hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; andif R₂ is an aryl group, then R₁ is hydrogen; heterocyclic; alkyl; aryl, or a phenyl group, the phenyl group optionally being substituted with an alkyl, halo, amino, or a thiol group; and R₅ is an aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted aryl group.
 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR69##
 83. The method of claim 81, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR70##
 84. The method of claim 81, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR71##
 85. The method of claim 81, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR72##
 86. The method of claim 81, wherein the molecule has the following formula ##STR73##
 87. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition further comprises a Group VII ion.
 88. The method of claim 87, wherein the Group VII ion is iodide.
 89. The method of claim 88, wherein the iodide is sodium iodide or tetramethyl ammonium iodide.
 90. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition further comprises a derivatized phenol having the following formula ##STR74## wherein R₁ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms;R₂ is an iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; R₃ is iodine, or an alkyl group having between 1 and 5 carbon atoms; and R₄ is a sugar, polyhydroxy compound, sulfonic acid salt compound, carboxylic acid salt compound, polyether compound, hydrogen, glucose, fructose, polyether sugar, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, cyclodextrin, or derivatized cyclodextrin.
 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR75##
 92. The method of claim 90, wherein the derivatized phenol has the following formula ##STR76##
 93. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition further comprises an amino sulfonic acid compound.
 94. The method of claim 93, wherein the amino sulfonic acid has the following formula ##STR77## wherein the SO₃ H group is in the ortho, meta or para position. 